Business Law and Corporate Law

If you've ever drafted a shareholders' agreement, you'll recognise a familiar clause. It lists reserved matters, ensures that certain decisions require approval from a specific investor's nominee, and quietly assumes that the day it will be tested will never arrive. At Tata Sons, that day has arrived

An open offer is a public offer made by an acquirer to purchase shares from the existing public shareholders of a listed company at a specified price when the acquirer acquires a substantial stake in, or control over, that company.

When a company suffers a data breach, boardrooms instinctively fear the worst: that directors will be personally held responsible. This concern significantly overstates what the law actually provides. A careful reading of the relevant legislation reveals a framework that is considerably more protective of directors than the alarm around data breaches would suggest. Both Indian and European law draw a clear distinction between the company as the institution bearing primary liability, and the individuals who govern it, and that distinction is not easily collapsed.

The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 introduced a new privacy framework for India and established important roles for organisations handling digital personal data. Among the most important concepts are data fiduciaries and data processors. Understanding these roles is essential because the classification determines who decides why and how personal data is processed, who acts on another organisation's instructions and where compliance responsibility sits.

Organisations increasingly rely on personal data to operate digital products, analyse customers, personalise services and develop new technologies. As data use becomes more complex, businesses need a structured method to identify privacy risks before they become legal, financial or operational problems.

The Indian government has raised the mandatory wage ceiling for Employees' Provident Fund Organisation coverage from INR 15,000 to INR 25,000 per month, a change that will bring more than five million...

The Bangalore bench of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (‘ITAT’) has held that ESOP expenditure cross-charged by a foreign holding company to its Indian subsidiary is allowable as a deduction under section 37(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 ('Act'). The Tribunal reiterated that ESOP discount constitutes employee compensation and gives rise to an ascertained liability during the vesting period and that the possibility of future forfeiture, non-exercise of options, or issuance of a valuation report after the financial year-end does not render the liability contingent or hypothetical.

The term sheet is usually treated as the moment the commercial bargain is struck. The valuation is agreed, the investment amount settled and the investor’s percentage fixed. The parties negotiate a board seat, a liquidation preference and anti-dilution protection, the term sheet is signed, and the deal moves into definitive documentation.

India’s venture-capital ecosystem is entering a new regulatory phase. For much of the last decade, angel investing operated as the bridge between entrepreneurial networks and institutional venture capital.

If you've ever drafted a shareholders' agreement, you'll recognise a familiar clause. It lists reserved matters, ensures that certain decisions require approval from a specific investor's nominee, and quietly assumes that the day it will be tested will never arrive. At Tata Sons, that day has arrived

The Income-tax Act, 2025 has introduced significant changes to the taxation framework for charitable entities, now classified as registered not-for-profit organisations (NPOs). This article examines how the Finance Act, 2026 has recalibrated provisions governing cancellation of registration for NPOs engaged in general public utility objects, comparing the new framework with the Income-tax Act, 1961 to reveal both intended alignments and unintended departures.

India's Ministry of Home Affairs has introduced sweeping amendments to the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act framework through the 2026 Amendment Rules, fundamentally transforming how NGOs and not-for-profits receive and utilize foreign funding. These changes establish purpose-specific and geography-specific registration requirements, enhanced disclosure obligations including ultimate donor identification, and objective benchmarks for organizational activity. Will these reforms strengthen accountability