Worldwide: New UK, EU And US Sanctions On Russia

New UK, EU and US Sanctions on Russia and Belarus update as of 02 November 2023

With the rapid expansion of UK, EU and US sanctions on Russia and Belarus in recent weeks - and with more in the regulatory pipeline - we set out:

1. WHAT'S NEW

UK

• On 27 October 2023, OFSI amended General Licence INT/2022/1875276, which permits certain activities related to the provision of civilian telecommunication services and news media services. It was clarified that PJSC MegaFon and its subsidiaries, as well as Digital Invest Limited Liability Company, are classed as Civilian Telecommunication DPs. The Licence was also extended to 30 May 2026.
• On 26 October 2023, the UK High Court rejected Mikhail Fridman's application to set aside OFSI's decision to refuse to grant him 3 licences for his property, Athlone House, and its management company, Athlone House Limited. In its judgment, the High Court considered that OFSI had acted lawfully and rationally in not granting the licences. It was also held that permitting payments to a company controlled by a sanctioned person (Athlone House Limited), would undermine the sanctions regime.
• On 25 October 2023, OFSI issued a new Legal Services General Licence INT/2023/3744968, which replaced the previous General Licence (INT/2023/2954852) upon its expiry on 29 October 2023. Various changes have been made in the new General Licence, including in relation to the expenses cap and reporting obligations. The Licence will last until 28 April 2024.
• On 19 October 2023, OFSI amended General Licence INT/2023/3626884, which authorises permitted payments to Companies House. In particular, the definition of permitted payments was amended to include "the payment of late filing penalty fees owed by or due from UK DPs to Companies House incurred as a result of late filing of annual accounts by those UK DPs".
• On 17 October 2023, the Export Control Joint Unit published technical guidance in relation to the interception and monitoring prohibitions in UK sanctions on Russia and Belarus. The technical guidance provides further information on the meaning of specific terms used in the schedules to the Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2018. The terms clarified include deep packet inspection, network interception and radio frequency monitoring.
• On 9 October 2023, OFSI's director said that OFSI is "willing to enter into discussions" with designated persons on the Russia list as a "voluntary" route for those seeking de-listing if they agree to "voluntarily release frozen assets in the UK to fund the reconstruction of Ukraine and take various other actions, including denouncing the war in Ukraine". The directors of OFSI and OFAC also explained that companies "seeking to do the right thing" with "appropriate due diligence" should not expect harsh penalties if they voluntarily report sanctions breaches to the agencies; harsh penalties are for "egregious" conduct, "i.e. wilful, grossly negligent behaviour".

EU

• On 31 October 2023, the EU updated its Consolidated FAQs on whether the payment of the Russia "exit tax" falls under the definition of "...transactions related to the management of reserves as well as assets" in Article 5a(4) of Council Regulation 833/2014.
  • Answer: "The payment of the so-called 'exit tax' is imposed by the Russian Governmental Commission which in this respect is implementing a Presidential Decree (No. 618 of 2022). This is not part of the official tax legislation of Russia. This decree establishes the payment as a precondition for allowing EU companies to divest from Russia and does not amount to enabling the Russian Central Bank to manage its reserves or assets. Therefore, Article 5a does not apply to the payment of the so-called "exit-tax"".
• On 27 October 2023, European Commission President von der Leyen announced that the EU is currently working on a proposal to pool the windfall profits made on frozen Russian assets by financial institutions in the EU. The aim is to channel the profits to Ukraine to assist with Ukraine's reconstruction. In the same speech, it was also confirmed that the EU are working on the 12th package of sanctions, which will focus on cutting the remaining revenues that Russia draws from the export of diamonds to Europe and its partners.
• On 25 October 2023, the General Court of the EU ordered the annulment of the listing of an individual ("QF"), who was designated in April 2022 for being the ex-wife of Mikhail Fridman. It was held that the reasons for designating QF were not sufficiently substantiated. In particular, there was insufficient evidence to establish that QF could be considered as "associated" with Mikhail Fridman at the time of designation.
• On 23 October 2023, the EU updated its Consolidated FAQs on state-owned enterprises. Further clarity was given to the meaning of "acting on behalf or at the direction of" for the purpose of Article 5aa of Council Regulation 833/2014.
• On 18 October 2023, the EU updated its Economically Critical Goods List, which is a list of mainly industrial goods that are regarded as economically critical to Russia. The items included on the list should be subject to enhanced due diligence procedures to avoid diversion to Russia. The list replaces the previous list, which was published on 14 September 2023.
• On 18 October 2023, the General Court of the EU rejected the applications for delisting from the EU's Belarus sanctions regime by Minsk Automobile Plant and BelAZ, Belarusian automobile plants. The companies alleged that the European Council had failed to notify them of the sanctions, failed in the wording of the companies' names in the sanctions listing and failed in assessing the facts surrounding their designations. It was held that:
  • Even if the names of the companies used in the EU listings were different from the applicants' formally registered company names, such a discrepancy did not demonstrate that the Council did not have sufficient evidence to include the names on the sanctions list.
  • The grounds for including the applicants on the sanctions list were sufficiently detailed and specific and free from error of assessment of the facts or error of law.
• On 11 October 2023, the German federal government approved a new law to set up the Federal Office to Combat Financial Crime ("BBF") as the new comprehensive authority on AML and sanctions. Analysis, criminal investigations, and supervisions will all be included under the organisation's remit. The Financial Intelligence Unit and the Central Office for Sanctions Enforcement will both be integrated into the BBF.

US

• On 31 October 2023, a criminal complaint was unsealed in Brooklyn, USA, charging Nikolay Goltsev, Salimdzhon Nasriddinov, and Kristina Puzyreva, with conspiracy and other charges related to a global procurement scheme on behalf of designated Russian entities, including companies affiliated with the Russian military in violation of US sanctions and export controls. They are alleged to have illegally exported millions of dollars in electronics from US manufacturers to Russia through various intermediaries located in Turkey, Hong Kong, India, China, and the UAE.
• On 25 October 2023, OFAC issued General License 8H, "Authorizing Transactions Related to Energy". This permits certain transactions prohibited by Executive Order 14024 ("Blocking Property with Respect to Specified Harmful Foreign Activities of the Government of the Russian Federation"). Transactions will be permitted where they relate to energy and involve one or more of the listed entities. The entities listed include State Corporation Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Affairs Vnesheconombank and Public Joint Stock Company Bank Financial Corporation Otkritie.
• On 23 October 2023, the Department of Justice filed a civil forfeiture complaint in the Southern District of New York against a superyacht beneficially owned by Russian businessman, Suleiman Kerimov. The Department of Justice allege that the superyacht is forfeitable based on violations of US sanctions law – namely, that the superyacht was improved and maintained in violation of applicable sanctions against Kerimov and those acting on his behalf. Separately, Russian oligarch Eduard Khudainatov has commenced proceedings asserting ownership of the superyacht and seeking its release. The proceedings involving the property are ongoing.

2. YOUR 5-STEP CHECKLIST

1. Which countries' sanctions apply to your activities?

The UK, EU, US and other countries' sanctions typically must be observed if there is a sufficient nexus to confer jurisdiction, that is if:

• their nationals (individuals) are involved, wherever they are in the world (in the case of US sanctions, this includes US permanent residents/Green Card holders);
• any part of a transaction is conducted within their territory or airspace; and
• legal entities incorporated or constituted under their law, including foreign branches are involved; or
• with respect to US sanctions, if a transaction is conducted in US dollars or clears through the US financial system, or data is routed through servers in the US, or other back office support or facilitation is provided by US persons (including service requests to an equipment supplier).

UK sanctions may also apply to non-UK persons outside the UK if there is a sufficient nexus. This will depend on the facts of each case but could include:

• transactions using clearing services in the UK;
• actions by a local subsidiary of a UK company;
• actions directed from within the UK; and/or
• financial products or insurance bought on UK markets but held or used overseas.

Additionally, US 'secondary sanctions' may be applied to non-US persons outside the US in the absence of any US nexus if a transaction involves sanctionable conduct that would be prohibited to a US person and that is determined by the US authorities to be a 'significant' transaction or otherwise provides material support to a sanctioned party. Whether a transaction is 'significant' is based on a number of open-ended criteria e.g. the size, number and frequency of transactions.

Further, US export control restrictions may apply even if sanctions do not. For example, US export controls will apply if US-origin goods, software or technology located in a third country are re-exported, regardless of whether a U.S. person is involved in the transaction.

2. Are any of your business partners subject to an asset freeze?

The UK, EU, US and others have imposed asset freezes ('blocking sanctions' in US terms) on most Russian banks and strategic industries (e.g. defence, transport, research, media and aerospace), and senior individuals in the Russian government, state-owned corporations and major businesses, including family members, and they are continuing to add new names to their national lists of such 'designated persons'.

An asset freeze generally requires those within the scope of the national sanctions, as described at step 1 (above), to:

• freeze any assets of the designated parties that they may hold and to report these to their authorities;
• not make any funds or economic resources available to them, directly, indirectly or for their benefit;

In addition, US restrictions go further and in effect also prohibit all transactions with the designated (i.e. listed) party.

The same restrictions also apply to any non-designated entity that is:

• 'owned' by a designated party or parties. The US threshold is 50% or more, while the UK and EU thresholds are 'more than 50%'. The US and the EU (in guidance) consider the criterion met if the aggregated ownership of two or more designated parties exceeds the threshold. The UK (also in guidance) recognises aggregated ownership only if there is evidence of a joint arrangement between two or more designated parties; or
• (in the UK/EU, not the US) 'controlled' by a designated entity (i.e. able to ensure the affairs of the undesignated entity are conducted in accordance with their wishes, for example through controlling a majority of voting shares or having the right to appoint or remove a majority of the board of directors).

It is often challenging to reach a definitive view of whether this 'control' criterion is applicable, for example if a majority shareholder becomes sanctioned and passes some of their shares to unsanctioned family members or to business associates. If you would like assistance on these issues, do get in touch.

If you do business with Russia or Belarus, you should screen your business partners - banks, suppliers, customers, distributors – against the applicable national sanctions lists and, given the current rapid pace of developments, set up alerts for new designations, in order to be able to identify any relevant new sanctions measures without delay. In some instances, the measures include exceptions or general licences that provide for a wind-down period, but others may have immediate effect. Note that asset freezes on Russian banks may prevent you from receiving or making payments to business partners or to employees.

It should also be noted that, while there are many similarities between the respective national lists, there are also significant differences. For example, a Russian company might be subject to EU sanctions but not to UK or US sanctions. In such cases, it may be possible for UK persons to do business with the Russian company provided that there is no EU nexus (as described in step 1 above), including that any EU nationals are recused.

3. Are any of your activities affected by other financial sanctions?

Short of an asset freeze, sanctions measures may restrict or prohibit:

• granting new loans or credit (including payment terms);
• sanctioned banks from clearing payments in certain currencies;
• dealing in transferable securities and money market instruments issued by sanctioned parties;
• the size of bank deposits by nationals of sanctioned countries;
• the access of sanctioned banks to the SWIFT messaging systems; transactions with the Russian Central Bank and certain State-owned enterprises;
• new investment or acquisitions and the provision of investment services.

The screening of your business partners, including banks, should check for the application of any of these restrictions. However, note that there may be exceptions, grounds for licensing and/or wind-down periods.

4. Are your products or services restricted?

Trade sanctions may restrict or prohibit:

• the sale, supply, transfer or export to Russia/Belarus, directly or indirectly, of certain goods and technology beyond those that are normally subject to export controls. This generally includes related financial services, brokering and technical assistance (e.g. repair, maintenance). The restrictions may be focused on only certain designated entities. There may be exceptions, grounds for licensing and/or wind-down periods;
• the import, purchase, transport or insurance of certain goods or technology from, or originating in, Russia/Belarus – notably including oil - with similar related provisions as those for exports;
• accounting, tax consulting, business and management consulting, public relations, architectural, engineering, IT consultancy, legal advisory and trusts services;
• closure or airspace and ports to aircraft and ships;
• more wide-ranging embargoes on most finance and trade with certain regions (previously Crimea, now extended to the occupied areas of Donetsk and Luhansk).

5. Do you have the right measures in place to mitigate your risks?

Given the evolving and expanding scope of sanctions, have you audited your compliance programmes and contractual commitments to make sure you are mitigating any risks? For example, have you:

• Updated your compliance policies and procedures, ensuring they are proportionate and workable?
• Reviewed your technology infrastructure to support your day-to-day compliance (e.g. with on-boarding clients and service providers or providing IP/geolocation support for your KYC process)?
• Tailored and updated your training for your compliance leads and others across your business?
• Reviewed whether your contracts enable you (or the counterparty) to suspend or terminate it without liability or serious risk of challenge, whether through a specific sanctions provision or other clauses such as the material adverse change clause?

3. YOUR SANCTIONS SUMMARY

We set out below a high-level overview of the current UK, EU and US sanctions in addition to asset freezes (as set out above).

Please note that exceptions, grounds for licensing and wind-down periods often apply to specific sanctions; if you would like an analysis as to the legality of a particular transaction, trade or matter, do get in touch.

UNITED KINGDOM

The UK has announced its intention to introduce certain new sanctions measures which it has not yet implemented, including:

• A ban on the import of all Russian diamonds and all imports of Russian-origin copper, aluminium, and nickel;
• Restrictions to cut off wealthy Russians' access to UK banks including a £50,000 limit on bank accounts; and
• The suspension of the process by which actions taken to manage the orderly failure of Russian banks are recognised under the laws of the UK, in cases where the bank is a sanctioned entity.

Financial services:

• A ban on dealing with transferable securities and money market instruments or issuing new loans or credit with a maturity exceeding 30 days to:
  • where issued since 2014, an entity listed in Schedule 2 (including Sberbank, VTB Bank, Gazprombank, VEB, Rosneft, Transneft and Gazprom Neft) or their non-UK subsidiaries;
  • where issued since 1 March 2022, UK subsidiaries of Schedule 2 entities; a "person connected with Russia" (an individual located in or ordinarily resident in Russia, or an entity domiciled, incorporated or constituted under the law of Russia); an entity owned by or acting on behalf/at the direction of such as person; or the Government of Russia;
  • where issued on or after 16 December 2022, by a person not connected with Russia where the purpose of the loan or credit is to make a new investment in Russia;
• A ban on UK credit or financial institutions establishing or continuing a correspondent banking relationship with, or processing sterling payments to from or via, a designated person;
• A ban on financial services for foreign exchange reserve and asset management to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the Russian National Wealth Fund and the Ministry of Finance, and persons owned or controlled directly or indirectly by them or acting on their behalf or direction;
• A ban on new investment, specifically the:
  • direct acquisition of any ownership interest in Russian land and entities connected with Russia;
  • indirect acquisition of any ownership interest in Russian land and entities connected with Russia for the purpose of making funds or economic resources available to, or for the benefit of, persons connected with Russia;
  • direct or indirect acquisition of any ownership interest in entities with a place of business in Russia (which are not persons connected with Russia) for the purpose of making funds or economic resources available (directly or indirectly) to, or for the benefit of, persons connected with Russia;
  • establishment of joint ventures with a person connected with Russia;
  • opening of representative offices and establishing branches and subsidiaries in Russia; and
  • provision of investment services directly related to the above; and
• Selected Russian banks removed from the SWIFT messaging system.

Trade:

Exports

• A ban on the export, supply and delivery, and making available of the following goods and technology, and related services, to Russia:
  • military and internal repression items;
  • advanced technology items: dual-use, 'critical industry', special materials, quantum computing, aviation, maritime and space;
  • a wide range of items mainly for the manufacturing sector and luxury items;
  • infrastructure-related, energy-related and oil refining items, and jet fuel;
  • sterling or EU denominated banknotes; and
  • the supply and delivery of certain revenue generating goods from Russia to third countries, except those with important humanitarian or civilian use such as certain agricultural and energy-related goods.

Imports

• A ban on the import or acquisition of the following goods and technology consigned from or originating in Russia, as well as related services:
  • oil and oil products, LNG, and coal and coal products;
  • iron and steel items, including of Russian iron and steel goods that have been processed in third countries;
  • a range of materials and manufactured items generating revenue for Russia;
  • gold and gold jewellery; and
  • a 35% tariff on imports of certain goods originating in Russia and Belarus.

Services

• A ban on the provision of the following services:
  • maritime transport, insurance and other financial services for ships carrying Russian crude oil/refined oil products to or between third countries, unless the crude oil/refined oil products has been sold below a specific price cap;
  • trust services, accounting, business and management consulting, public relations, advertising, architectural, auditing, engineering and IT consultancy and design services to persons connected with Russia;
  • legal advisory services to any person who is not a UK person in relation to any activity which would, if carried out by a UK person or in the UK, contravene UK sanctions on Russia, except legal representation, compliance with UK statutory obligations andwhether an act complies with UK sanctions. A General Trade Licence authorises certain such services;
  • social media, internet services and app stores are required to block content from RT and Sputnik; and
  • a ban on all Russia-owned or operated aircraft and ships from UK airspace, landings, and ports, and on aviation and shipping technical assistance to, or for the benefit of, designated people/entities.

Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk

• A ban on:
  • finance and investment;
  • the export, supply and delivery, and making available of the following goods and technology, and related services: military, infrastructure-related goods and tourism services;
  • all imports.

Belarus

• Restrictions on dealing with transferable securities or money-market instruments;
• A ban on providing insurance and re-insurance to the Belarusian Government and Belarusian public bodies and agencies;
• A ban on the export, supply and delivery, and making available of the following goods and technology, and related services, to Belarus: military and internal repression; dual-use, critical industry, quantum computing, advanced materials, certain minerals, oil refining items, luxury goods, banknotes, materials that could be used to produce chemical and biological weapons, and machinery-related goods;
• A ban on the import or acquisition of the following goods and technology consigned from or originating in Belarus, as well as related services: oil products, iron, steel, potash, tobacco, gold, processed gold, gold jewellery, cement, rubber and wood;
• Ban on Belarusian and other specified ships from entering UK ports, and aircraft from UK airports; and
• An obligation (subject to criminal penalties and enforced by OFCOM) on social media services, internet access services and application stores to take reasonable steps to prevent users from accessing online content generated by designated persons.

EUROPEAN UNION

Financial services:

• Banking:
  • A ban on the provision of SWIFT services to most Russian banks;
  • A ban on transactions with Russia's central bank;
  • A ban on deposits from Russian nationals or legal persons if the total value exceeds 100,000 EUR;
  • A ban on the provision of crypto-asset wallet, account or custody services to Russian persons and residents; and
  • A ban on the sale of banknotes and transferrable securities denominated in any official currencies of the EU member states.
• Investment:
  • A ban on investment, participation or contribution to projects co-financed by the Russian Direct Investment Fund;
  • Since 18 March 2023, the Russian Regional Development Bank has been subject to a full transactional ban for contracts concluded before 17 December 2022;
  • A ban on providing credit rating services, or access to any subscription services in relation to credit rating activities, to any Russian person, resident, entity or body;
  • A ban on new investments in the Russian energy and mining sectors (except certain metals);
  • A ban on dealing in transferable securities (including crypto-assets), or money-market instruments of any maturity, issued by certain listed Russian entities and on new loans and/or credit to them;
  • A ban on the listing and provision of services in relation to shares of Russian state-owned entities on EU trading venues;
  • A ban on EU central securities depositories services for transferable securities issued after 12 April 2022 to any Russian persons;
  • The Russian Maritime Register of Shipping has been added to the list of state-owned enterprises subject to financial restrictions;
  • The exclusion of all financial support to Russian public bodies;

Trade:

Exports

• A ban on the export, supply and delivery, and making available of the following goods and technology, and related services, to Russia:
  • military, internal repression, dual-use and advanced technologies including quantum computers, high-end electronics, software, sensitive machinery and transportation;
  • energy industry (except nuclear and energy transport), oil refining, coal and coking coal;
  • aviation, jet fuel and space;
  • luxury goods;
  • maritime navigation; and
  • items which may contribute to Russia's military, industrial and technological enhancement including coal, certain electronic components, certain machinery components, chemicals and torture goods.
• The EU's 11th package of sanctions also extended the prohibition for certain sensitive goods (such as advanced technology and aviation-related materials) exported from the EU to third countries, via Russia (intended to address the risks of such goods being diverted while passing through Russia).

Imports

• A ban on the import or acquisition of the following goods and technology consigned from or originating in Russia (as well as related services):
  • oil and refined products. Direct imports of crude oil by pipeline are permitted for the time being but such oil, and products refined from it, may not be transferred to other Member States or third countries. There is an exception for seaborne products that transit Russia but originate in a third country and are owned by non-Russians;
  • coal and other solid fossil fuels;
  • products including: wood, cement, fertilisers, seafood, liquor, iron and steel (including products processed in third countries using iron and steel from Russia), machinery and appliances, wood pulp and paper, cigarettes, plastics, vehicles, textiles, footwear, leather, ceramics, certain machinery components, certain chemical products, cosmetics and elements used in the jewellery industry; bitumen and related materials like asphalt; and synthetic rubber and carbon blacks;
  • Russia-origin gold (including jewellery) if it has been exported from Russia into the EU or to any third country; and
  • A ban on the participation of Russian companies in public procurement in member states.

Services

• A ban on the provision of the following services:
  • Maritime transport and insurance to ships carrying Russian crude and petroleum crude oil/ refined oil products to third countries, with an exemption for the provision of insurance where the crude oil/ refined oil products has been sold below a specific price cap;
  • listed Russian state-owned broadcasters broadcasting in the EU, and advertising products or services in any content broadcast by these entities;
  • provision of architectural and engineering services, IT consultancy services, legal advisory services, accounting, auditing, bookkeeping or tax consulting services, business and management consulting, public relations, advertising, market research and public opinion polling services, as well as product testing and technical inspection services to the Government of Russia, or entities established in Russia;
  • all transactions with certain state-owned companies including the Russian Maritime Shipping Register; and
• A ban on EU nationals holding any posts on the governing bodies of any Russian state-owned or controlled legal persons, entities or bodies.

Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia and Kherson

• With respect to the occupied areas of the oblasts:
  • an import ban on all goods and related services;
  • restrictions on trade and investment related to certain economic sectors;
  • a prohibition on supplying tourism services; and
  • an export ban on goods and technology suited to the transport, telecommunications, energy or oil, gas and mineral sectors; and a ban on the provision of technical assistance, brokering, construction or engineering services to infrastructure in the regions and within the aforementioned sectors.

Access

• The closure of EU airspace to all Russian-owned, Russian registered or Russian-controlled aircraft;
• A prohibition on providing access to vessels registered under the flag of Russia, Russian-operated vessels or vessels suspected of circumventing EU oil sanctions to EU ports; and
• A ban on any Russian transportation of goods by road within the EU.

Belarus

• A ban on the sale of banknotes and transferrable securities denominated in any official currencies of the EU member states, or to any natural or legal person, entity or body in Belarus;
• A ban on transactions with the Central Bank of Belarus related to the management of reserves or assets;
• A block on SWIFT services to Belinvestbank, Belagroprombank, Bank Dabrabyt, the Development Bank of the Republic of Belarus, as well as their Belarusian subsidiaries;
• Financial and air-traffic sanctions;
• A ban on the listing of, and provision of services in relation to, shares of Belarus state-owned entities on EU trading venues;
• A €100,000 cap on deposits from Belarusian nationals, residents, or entities established in Belarus;
• A ban on the sale of euro-denominated transferable securities issued after 12 April 2022 to Belarusian nationals, residents, or entities established in Belarus;
• A ban on the provision of services by EU central securities depositories to Belarusian nationals, residents, or entities established in Belarus;
• A ban on any Belarusian transportation of goods by road within the EU;
• A ban on the sale, supply, transfer or export, directly or indirectly, to or for use in Belarus and related services of the following goods and technology: military and internal repression, goods and technology suited for use in aviation and the space industry including aircraft engines and drones, firearms and their parts, essential components and ammunition, dual-use and technology and a range of materials, manufactured goods and machinery; and
• An expansion of existing bans on imports from Belarus into the EU of goods for the following products and related services: tobacco, minerals, wood, cement, iron and steel, rubber, and potash.

UNITED STATES

Financial services:

• A ban on all transactions involving the Central Bank of the Russian Federation; the National Wealth Fund of the Russian Federation; and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, and dealing in bonds issued by them after 1 March 2022;
• A ban on dealing in new debt of over 14 days maturity and new equity of strategic entities: Sberbank, AlfaBank, Credit Bank of Moscow, Gazprombank, Russian Agricultural Bank, Gazprom, Gazprom Neft, Transneft, Rostelecom, RusHydro, Alrosa, Sovcomflot, and Russian Railways;
• Selected Russian banks removed from the SWIFT messaging system;
• All forms of new investment in Russia, including the formation of joint ventures and all loans for commercial purposes to persons located in Russia;
• The export, re-export, sale or supply of USD denominated banknotes to the Russian government or any person located in Russia.

Trade:

Exports

• A ban on the export, supply and delivery, and making available of the following goods and technology, and related services, to Russia:
  • military and dual-use items, and a wide range of advanced technologies, encryption products and software including updates;
  • a wide range of items, including all of Chapters 84, 85 and 90 of the US HTS (tariff codes), which could contribute to the enhancement of Russian industrial capacities including virtually every kind of machine, engine, electronics device, industrial process equipment, and test/inspection/instrumentation tooling, as well as goods vehicles, and equipment for refrigeration, elevators, construction, printing, textiles, valves, bearings, seals, electrical, radio, railways and testing; and luxury goods;
• The expansion of controls on US-origin and foreign-made (non-US) items and direct products of US technology for listed Russian military end use/r and military-intelligence end use/r;
• A ban on the provision, exportation, or re-exportation, directly or indirectly, of goods, services or technology in support of exploration or production for deepwater, Arctic offshore, or shale projects; and
• The suspension of general licences issued by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for the export of source material, special nuclear material, by-product material and deuterium to Russia.

Imports

• A ban on the import or acquisition of the following goods and technology consigned from or originating in Russia (as well as related services):
  • Russian-origin fish; seafood; alcoholic beverages;
  • non-industrial diamonds; and
  • oil, gas, coal and related products.

Services

• A ban on the provision of maritime insurance to ships carrying Russian crude oilor/ refined oil products to or between third countries, unless the oil/ refined oil product has been sold below a specific price cap;
• A ban on Russian aircraft from US airspace and the supply of any US-origin or US-controlled items for use in servicing aircraft operated by certain airlines;
• A ban on accountancy, corporate formation, management consultancy, and PR services, and, from 18 June, engineering and architecture services; and
• A ban on US advertising and sales of equipment to Channel One, Russia-1 and NTV.

Donetsk and Luhansk

• Sanctions on the parts of Donetsk and Luhansk occupied by Russia prohibiting new investment and the import or export of goods, services or technology.

Belarus:

• Similar bans on exports, imports and investment as apply to Russia.

The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.