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The enactment of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (“BNSS”) in 2023 signals a paradigm shift in India’s criminal procedural framework, aimed to enhance the efficiency, integrity, and responsiveness of the criminal justice system. Effective from 1 July 2024, the BNSS replaces the previously governing Code of Criminal Procedure (“CrPC”) of 1973. This new legislation introduces a range of reforms, including the integration of technology in trial processes, the provision for trial in absentia, zero FIR, and e-FIR, all aimed at streamlining the criminal justice procedures.

Workplace investigations in India involve complex legal and governance considerations that extend beyond simple HR procedures. Understanding the statutory frameworks, procedural fairness requirements, and potential legal exposure is essential for organizations managing employee complaints, misconduct allegations, and harassment claims while protecting both employee rights and corporate interests.

Does a suit concerning valuable immovable property always have to be valued according to the market value of that property?