Introduction

The Nigerian entertainment and creative industry has experienced massive growth over the last decade. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the entertainment industry now accounts for 1.45% of Nigeria's GDP1.

In 2016, the Arts, Entertainment and Recreation Sector generated N239billion in revenue, culminating in about 2.3% of Nigeria's GDP for that year. Nollywood, which is the movie production subsector of the entertainment and creative industry, is globally recognised as the second largest film producer in the world, coming behind America's Hollywood and ahead of India's Bollywood2. The number of film production annually, stands at around 2500 with a projection of US$22million by 2021 for total cinema revenue alone, while the total music revenue in Nigeria is estimated to rise to US$73million by 2021 (with a compound annual growth rate of 13.4%)3. The entire industry currently employs about a million people and this number is expected to increase before the end of 2021. Furthermore, it is also expected to generate about $7 Billion for the national economy4.

The popularity that the industry has garnered over the years has seen Nigerian artistes collaborating with their foreign counterparts and striking multimillion-dollar music recording and publishing deals with international record publishing companies such as Sony Music Group, Universal Music Group, Warner Music Group, and a host of many others5.

As a result of its successes in the local and international markets, in 2018, global streaming giant, Netflix acquired worldwide rights to Lion Heart, a Nigerian movie directed by Genevieve Nnaji. In that same year, Netflix announced that it will be putting out $8 Billion original budget to work in Nigeria's movie industry6. In furtherance of this, in February 2020, Netflix made its official debut in Nigeria, acquiring and distributing Nigerian filmed content7. Since then, it has gone ahead to acquire several Nigerian movies, including the Wedding Party, Elevator Baby, Oloture, King of Boys, It's her day and a host of others. Currently, Nigerian movie producers are able to enter into publishing and streaming deals with Netflix for their local content. Local movie streaming platforms have also emerged, with Iroko TV being a key player in this regard.

International award platforms are beginning to recognise Nigerian acts, with the latest and most prolific being Burna Boy's consecutive Grammy nominations in 2019 and 2020 for his albums African Giant and Twice As Tall, and a subsequent win in 2021, for the later album (Twice As Tall).8 In recent times, more of the award categories and nominations allotted to African music at the Black Entertainment Television (BET) Awards, the Music Television (MTV) Awards, the Grammy Awards and even the Netherlands' Eddison Awards9, have been clinched by Nigerian artistes. Furthermore, Nigerian artistes are beginning to garner massive streaming numbers on various international music streaming platforms like Spotify, Apple Music, Audiomack, Youtube and Boomplay10. Local music streaming platforms like UduX and Gbedu have also emerged. These developments suggest that Nigerian artistes and their songs are beginning to have a considerable space in the world music scene.

Challenges and the way forward

Despite the level of growth that these sectors have experienced, it has been beset by lack of funding, piracy, copyright infringement, amongst other issues currently plaguing it. The sector barely receives support from the government and investors (despite being made subject to various taxes and levies by the various tiers of government). As a result of this, investors are hardly keen on investing in this sector.

In a bid to support the entertainment industry in 2010, Former President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan at the 30th Anniversary of Silverbird Group announced a $200million donation to support Nollywood11. The sum was to be distributed to the players in the sector in form of loans, and it was to be administered by the Nigerian Import and Export Bank (NEXIM Bank) and the Bank of Industry (BOI).

Similarly in 2012, at the 20th anniversary celebration of Nollywood, another announcement of a N3billion grant tagged "Project Nollywood", was also made by Former President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan and it was supposed to be managed and distributed by the Ministry of Finance in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism12.

However, how these support funds were utilized remains undetermined as several Nollywood stars have stated that they did not receive the said funds as promised13. Along the same lines, the BOI in 2015 denied receiving the $200 Million donation from the former president14.

In a similar vein to contribute to the entertainment and creative industry, the BOI initiated a N1billion special facility for Nollywood, known as "the BOI Nollyfund". The intervention was initiated by BOI for the following reasons.

  1. Nollywood is a very important emerging sector in the economy.
  2. It contributed 1.42% ($7.3 billion or N1.4 trillion) to Nigeria's Re-based GDP in 2013.
  3. It has contributed to enhancing the image of Nigeria as Nollywood movies are being watched globally.
  4. Nollywood is now ranked 2nd in the world after Hollywood (America) and ahead of Bollywood (India) in terms of the number of contents produced.

However, the terms and conditions for accessing the funds appears to be quite strenuous. These conditions include the assigning of copyright as collateral for receiving the funds and the requirement for a distributor to issue an undertaking to remit all cinema proceeds of the film based on agreed arrangements, to BOI designated banks.15 These conditions amongst others appeared to be unpleasant to the industry practitioners.

Interestingly, the current administration is also taking steps to contribute to the creative sector. This is being achieved in collaboration with the African Development Bank ("the AfDB") through a $500million facility ("the Facility") for the tech and creative sectors. This initiative will see the injection of the said Facility into the aforementioned sectors, before the end of 2021.16 Accordingly, arrangement is already being made for the Facility to be utilized through the Nigeria Innovation Programme (NIP), which was proposed by the federal government to boost innovation and job creation, and to foster growth in the technology and creativity entrepreneurship ecosystem.17 It is excepted that this facility will be bring about further development to the already booming creative industry.

Pioneer Status Incentives

It is however important to note that there are other ways in which the government can support the entertainment industry apart from making and establishing donations and support facilities. A major way in which the government can make the entertainment industry attractive is in the provision of various incentives to the entertainment and creative industry.

As a matter of fact, in 2017, the Federal Government included the creative sector on the pioneer status incentive list, as a way of contributing to its development. Pioneer Status Incentive ("PSI") is a tax holiday incentive provided for under the Industrial Development Income Tax Relief Act ("the Act"). It grants qualifying industries and their products relief from the payment of corporate income tax for an initial period of three years, which is renewable for another one or two additional years.

Section 1 of the Act provides that any industry may be designated as "pioneer" where the president is satisfied that it is not being carried on in Nigeria on a scale that is suitable to the economic requirements of Nigeria or at all, or there are favourable prospects of further development in Nigeria or it is expedient and in public interest to encourage the development or establishment of such industry in Nigeria by declaring the industry to be a pioneer industry and any product of the industry to be a pioneer product.

It is indubitable that tapping into this is beneficial for the entertainment and creative industry as the PSI covers the following:

  • production of digital movies
  • animation, videos, television programmes, commercials (including online distribution and Exhibition)
  • Music production, publishing and online digital music distribution
  • production of Cameras, motion picture and slide projectors, overhead transparency projectors
  • photograph for tourism purposes and aerial photography.

To this end, any organisation engaged in any of the aforementioned business is required to apply to the Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission ("NIPC") for a Pioneer Status Certificate (PSC), in order to enjoy the PSI.

This is a positive step because as earlier noted, the qualifying media and creative practitioners are entitled to relief from the payment of corporate income tax at 30%, for an initial period of three years which is renewable for one or two additional years. Consequently, this may aid in reducing the cost of doing business for these entertainment and media practitioners. Furthermore, it will make the entire industry attractive to foreign and local investors.

Though the inclusion of the creative and entertainment industry on the pioneer status list demonstrates the Federal Government's willingness to support the entertainment and creative sector, there are however certain drawbacks that must be considered.

First, the service fees for the application for a PSI in Nigeria appear to be exorbitant. Applicants are required to pay an application fee in the sum of N200,000 (Two Hundred Thousand Naira), then a service charge deposit of N2,500,000 (Two Million, Five Hundred Thousand Naira) is also required to be made. In addition, 1% of the actual pioneer profits will be paid annually and due diligence fee of N500,000 (Five Hundred Thousand Naira) is required to be paid. In case of a renewal, an application fee of N100,000 (One Hundred Thousand Naira) is required to be paid and 1% of the actual pioneer profits will be paid annually.

The primary drawback with these charges is that the small players in the creative and entertainment industry may not be able to access these incentives and this may defeat the essence and purpose of it.

Secondly, the processing time for fresh applications often take up to twenty-five weeks, while an application for renewal/extension takes an average of fifteen weeks to finalise. This is barring any delays that one may experience with the applications.

This inordinate delay experienced in obtaining the PSC serves as a drawback and barrier as it makes it extremely difficult for practitioners to access this incentive. Some may consider the level of strain involved and simply call off the desire to obtain a PSI.

Consequently, we opine that the government must take reasonable steps to ensure that the PSI is obtainable at a convenient cost while putting the small players in the entertainment and creative industry into consideration. The government must also consider placing the entertainment and creative sector under the investment tax credit incentive which is available in other sectors. This will give investors the impetus to consider investing in the entertainment and creative sector.

Furthermore, just like the Tourism Incentive and the Agricultural Production Income Tax Exemption, the government must begin to consider entertainment and creative industry-based incentive. This is already obtainable in the United States of America where movie producers are entitled to the movie production incentives18.

Conclusion

The contribution of the entertainment industry to Nigeria's economic and social growth cannot be underestimated. The industry has been responsible for the creation of over a million jobs and it is still creating more jobs for Nigerians; albeit the sector barely enjoys support from investors and from the government.

If the entertainment industry is able to get the adequate support it needs, it is indubitable that the quality of content(s) being produced and released yearly will improve. Fortunately, this support is not limited to the provision of grants and loans as the government can also explore other means like the provision of various incentives to the industry.

Hence, the issues pertaining to the application for PSI must be addressed and the government must also seek to establish an entertainment & creative industry-based incentive as well as include the entertainment & creative industry on the list of sectors eligible to access the investment tax credit incentive.

Footnotes

1. International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce, United States of America "Nigeria- Media and Entertainment", October 13, 2021 (https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/nigeria-media-and-entertainment-industry-nollywood-and-nigerian-music).

2.Femi Osinubi "Spotlight- the Nigerian Film Industry by PWC Nigeria" 2017 (https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/spotlight-the-nigerian-film-industry.html#:~:text=The%20Nigerian%20Film%20Industry%20(Nollywood,Product%20(GDP)%20in%202016).

3. Ibid.

4. Femi Osinubi, "The Business of Entertainment Harnessing growth opportunities in entertainment, media, arts and lifestyle" October 2017 (https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/assets/pdf/the-business-of-entertainment-final.pdf).

5. The likes of WIzkid and Davido are currently signed to RCA Records, while Burna Boy is signed to Warner Bros and Atlantic Records.

6. Yomi Kazeem "Netflix is finally putting its $8 billion original production budget to work in Nigeria's Nollywood movie industry" September 10 2018 (https://qz.com/africa/1384217/netflix-buys-nollywood-movie-lionheart-by-genevieve-nnaji/)

7. Ibid.

8. Jayne Augoye "Burna Boy bags second Grammy nomination" November 24 2020. (https://allafrica.com/stories/202011250013.html)

9. In December 2020, Burna boy became the first Nigerian artiste to win the Dutch Eddison Awards, winning the category for Best World Album with his 2019 released album, African Giant.

10. In a week of release, Made in Lagos by Wizkid broke several African streaming records. It became the first African album to debut on the Spotify Global Album chart, and within the top ten at that. Furthermore, in Nine days of release, it surpassed 100 million streams across five platforms, this was a huge milestone and record for Afrobeats.

11. Alex Eyengho "Jonathan's $200m intervention fund!", June 30 2012. (https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/06/jonathans-200m-intervention-fund/ )

12. Akarabox "Nollywood gets a Boost with N3 Billion grant from Nigerian Government", 2012. (https://akarabox.wordpress.com/2013/03/03/nollywood-gets-a-boost-with-n3-billion-grant-from-nigerian-government/amp/)

13. In a publication by PMNews.com, Nollywood Veteran, Clarion Chukwurah called out the former president for not fulfilling its promise to the movie industry.

14. In a publication made by Premium Times Newspaper on its official website, on August 18 2015, the Bank of Industry denied receiving the $200Million Nollywood fund.

15. Bank of Industry "Nollyfund", 2020 (https://www.boi.ng/boinollyfund/)

16.Vanguard News "FG activates N240bn ADB facility for tech, creative sectors" April 6 2021 (https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/04/fg-activates-n240bn-adb-facility-for-tech-creative-sectors/).

17. Premium Times "Nigeria, AfDB setting up $500million fund for tech, creative sectors – Presidency", April 15 2021, (https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/business-news/453262-nigeria-afdb-setting-up-500-million-fund-for-tech-creative-sectors-presidency.html ).

18. Wikipedia "Movie Production Incentive in the United States" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_production_incentives_in_the_United_States)

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