India is one of the fastest-growing consumer markets. If you plan to manufacture, distribute, or sell there, protect your brand before you enter. This guide explains how to register a trademark in India for foreign companies, including India trademark application requirements, registration costs, timelines, common pitfalls, and practical enforcement tips.
What Is a Trademark in India?
In India, trademarks are governed by the Trade Marks Act, 1999 and administered by the Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks (CGPDTM), with registries in Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, and Ahmedabad. Registration confers exclusive rights across India and simplifies court and customs enforcement.
Why Register a Trademark in India?
- Exclusive rights nationwide: India is functionally a first-to-file system—earlier registrants usually prevail.
- Easier enforcement: Registration supports seizures at the border and online takedowns.
- Asset value: Trademarks can be licensed, franchised, or assigned.
- Public notice: Registration deters would-be infringers.
How to Register a Trademark in India: Step-by-Step
1) Conduct a clearance search
Search the Indian Trade Marks Registry for identical or confusingly similar marks. Even though the Registry will examine for conflicts, a pre-filing search helps you avoid objections and disputes later.
2) Pick the correct classes
India follows the Nice Classification (45 classes: 1–34 goods, 35–45 services). Precise class coverage is critical—errors cause delays.
3) File the application
File online or physically. Foreign applicants must appoint a local trademark agent/attorney. You'll need applicant details, a clear mark specimen, a goods/services list by class, any priority claim, and a Power of Attorney for your local agent.
4) Examination
The Registry examines on both absolute grounds (descriptiveness, lack of distinctiveness) and relative grounds (conflicts with earlier marks). It then issues an Examination Report; timelines vary with workload. Expect anything from a few months to longer if backlogs grow; the Registry has launched a "Trademark Application Queue List" so applicants can check tentative examination timing.
5) Respond to objections
You typically have one month from receipt of the report to respond; extensions are generally available on payment of a fee. Hearings may follow.
6) Publication and opposition
Accepted applications are published in the Trade Marks Journal for a four-month opposition window. Any third party may oppose.
7) Registration
If unopposed (or you win the opposition), the mark registers for 10 years from the application date, renewable indefinitely.
India Trademark Costs and Timelines
- Government fees (e-filing): ₹4,500 per class for individuals/startups/MSMEs; ₹9,000 per class for companies/LLPs/partnerships. Physical filing costs more. Fees change periodically—always confirm the current schedule.
- Timeline: 12–18 months if unopposed; 2–4 years if contested or if hearings/appeals stack up. Backlogs and procedural changes can shift timing.
Key Considerations for Foreign Trademark Applicants
- File early: Unregistered use offers limited protection; early filing reduces squatter risk.
- Language/script: If you'll market in Hindi or other Indian languages, register those versions too.
- Madrid Protocol: You can designate India in a WIPO International Registration. India must notify any provisional refusal within 18 months, but final disposition can come later; response windows in provisional refusals are short—engage local counsel quickly.
- Customs recordal: Record your registered mark with Indian Customs to help block infringing imports.
Madrid Protocol: India-Specific Notes
- India must communicate any provisional refusal within 18 months of WIPO's notification to India. (IP India)
- Response deadlines are set in the refusal and can be tight; WIPO has clarified minimum response periods and calculation rules—do not wait. (WIPO, Wilson Gunn)
- The international registration depends on the basic application/registration for five years (central attack risk). If your home-base rights fall, the India designation can collapse unless transformed—plan accordingly. (WIPO)
Enforcement Options in India
Civil actions
The most common and effective route. Indian courts frequently grant interim injunctions (temporary restraining orders) within days or weeks, often faster than a full trial. These injunctions can stop infringers quickly and buy time for negotiation or settlement. Courts can also award damages, profits, or destruction of counterfeit stock, but the real business value is usually the speed of injunctive relief. (Indian Kanoon)
Criminal actions (counterfeiting)
Useful for persistent counterfeiters or when brand damage is severe. Police raids and seizures can be powerful deterrents, but they take longer to coordinate and are harder to control once launched. They work best when combined with civil suits. (Indian Kanoon)
Border measures
Customs recordal under the IPR (Imported Goods) Enforcement Rules, 2007 is one of the most cost-effective defenses against infringing imports. Customs officers can suspend clearance and notify you of suspect shipments, giving you a chance to block bad goods before they enter the market. (India Code, World Trademark Review)
Online enforcement
Platforms such as Amazon India, Flipkart, and social media sites accept takedown requests based on registered marks. These are fast and low-cost, but they rarely solve the problem alone. Best practice is to pair them with civil injunctions against major infringers to set precedent and strengthen takedown leverage.
Trademark "Use" in India: What Counts and How to Prove It
- Intent-to-use filings are allowed (applications may be for marks "used or proposed to be used"), but non-use for a continuous period of five years (plus three months) after registration exposes the mark to cancellation. (Indian Kanoon)
- Evidence of use: invoices, ads, packaging/labels, import/export documents, domain/website analytics showing India-directed commerce, social media promotions, marketplace listings.
- Maintain organized records from launch day; they matter in oppositions, cancellations, and damages calculations.
Well-Known Trademarks in India
- A "well-known" mark enjoys broader protection, often across classes. The Registrar can determine well-known status upon application under Rule 124 (Form TM-M; official fee currently ₹1,00,000). Courts also recognize well-known marks.
- Consider pursuing well-known status if you have strong recognition and documented enforcement wins in India.
Common Trademark Pitfalls in India
- Descriptive or laudatory terms get refused on absolute grounds.
- Overbroad specs trigger objections or make you vulnerable to non-use attacks later.
- Relying solely on Madrid designations without tailoring to India's practice.
- Filing too late: squatters and look-alikes are common.
- Not planning for "use" evidence from day one.
Tips for a Strong India Trademark Strategy
- Run a professional clearance search.
- Register both English and key Indian-language versions.
- File early to secure priority.
- Record the mark with Customs after registration. (ipr.icegate.gov.in)
- Monitor marketplaces and social media; set up watches.
- Keep usage evidence current and organized.
Before You File: A Quick Checklist
- Confirm the correct owner entity and signatory authority.
- Clearance search and risk review (identical/similar marks).
- Finalize goods/services by class (tight, not bloated).
- Decide on word mark, logo, or both.
- Plan for India-language variants.
- Pick filing route (national vs. Madrid designation to India). (IP India)
After Trademark Registration: A Quick Checklist
- Update brand guidelines and packaging with the ® symbol (when appropriate).
- Record with Customs; brief logistics partners. (ipr.icegate.gov.in)
- Set up watching and enforcement protocols.
- Calendar renewals; track evidence of use to defend against non-use claims. (Indian Kanoon)
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
1. How much does it cost to register a trademark in India?
Government filing fees are ₹4,500 per class for individuals, startups, and MSMEs, or ₹9,000 per class for companies, LLPs, and partnerships (e-filing rates). Physical filing costs more. Professional fees for local attorneys typically range from ₹15,000-50,000 depending on complexity. Additional costs may include search fees, response to objections, and opposition proceedings if contested.
2. How long does trademark registration take in India?
Uncontested trademark applications typically take 12-18 months to register in India. However, if your application faces objections or opposition, the process can extend to 2-4 years. The Indian Registry has introduced a "Trademark Application Queue List" where you can check estimated examination timelines for your specific application number.
3. Can I register a trademark in India from abroad?
Yes, foreign applicants can register trademarks in India, but you must appoint a local trademark agent or attorney to represent you. You cannot file directly with the Indian Registry from overseas. Your local agent will handle all communications and procedures with the Registry on your behalf.
4. How long does a trademark last in India?
A registered trademark in India lasts for 10 years from the application filing date and can be renewed indefinitely in 10-year increments. You should file for renewal approximately 6 months before expiry, though a 6-month grace period is available with additional fees.
5. Is India a first-to-file or first-to-use country for trademarks?
India operates primarily as a first-to-file system, meaning the first person to file a trademark application typically has priority rights. While prior unregistered use can sometimes be invoked defensively in disputes, registered rights generally prevail. This makes early filing critical for protecting your brand in India.
6. Can I register a trademark in multiple classes in India?
Yes, you can register your trademark across multiple classes in India, but you must pay separate government fees for each class. India follows the Nice Classification system (45 classes total: 1-34 for goods, 35-45 for services). Choose classes carefully to cover your current and planned business activities while avoiding unnecessary costs.
7. What documents are required for trademark registration in India?
Foreign applicants typically need: a Power of Attorney for the local agent, complete applicant details and incorporation documents, a clear representation of your trademark, a detailed list of goods/services by class, and any priority claim documents if applicable. Your local attorney will prepare the formal application and ensure all requirements are met.
8. Can I trademark a company name in India?
Yes, you can register your company name as a trademark in India if it functions as a brand identifier for your goods or services. However, company name registration alone doesn't provide trademark protection. The name must be distinctive and not merely descriptive of your business activities to qualify for trademark registration.
9. What is the trademark opposition process in India?
After examination approval, your trademark application is published in the Trade Marks Journal for 4 months, during which any party can file opposition. If opposed, you have 2 months to file a counterstatement, followed by evidence rounds and potentially hearings before the Registrar. Opposition proceedings can add 1-2 years to the registration process.
10. Can I use ® and " symbols in India?
Use " anytime to indicate you're claiming trademark rights, even before registration. However, only use ® after your trademark is officially registered in India – using ® for unregistered marks can result in penalties for misrepresentation under Indian law.
11. What happens if I don't use my registered trademark in India?
Non-use of a registered trademark for 5 continuous years (plus 3 months) makes it vulnerable to cancellation by third parties. India allows "intent-to-use" applications (marks "proposed to be used"), but you should begin genuine commercial use promptly after registration and maintain organized evidence of use.
12. Can I enforce my Indian trademark against online infringement?
Yes, Indian courts frequently grant interim injunctions against trademark infringement, often within days or weeks. You can also pursue takedown requests on platforms like Amazon India and Flipkart, file complaints with domain registrars, and work with social media platforms to remove infringing content. Customs recordal helps block counterfeit imports at the border.
13. Should I register my India trademark through the Madrid Protocol?
The Madrid Protocol allows you to designate India as part of an international trademark application. However, India must issue any provisional refusal within 18 months, response deadlines can be tight, and the registration depends on your base application for 5 years. Consider whether direct national filing might be more appropriate for your India strategy.
4. Can I license my registered trademark in India?
Yes, registered trademarks can be licensed in India. For clarity and legal protection, record your license agreement with the Indian Registry. Licensed use by others counts as your use for maintaining the registration, but ensure proper quality control provisions to maintain trademark validity.
15. Should I register my trademark in Indian languages?
If you plan to market in Hindi or other Indian languages, register those versions separately. Indian consumers often search and recognize brands in local scripts, and local language registrations provide stronger protection against regional infringement and help with enforcement on Indian e-commerce platforms.
17. What should I do if my India trademark application receives objections?
You typically have 1 month from receiving the Examination Report to respond to objections (extensions available for fees). Common objections include descriptiveness, similarity to existing marks, or specification issues. Work with your local attorney to craft a strong response addressing each objection with legal arguments and evidence.
18. How can I monitor trademark infringement in India?
Set up regular monitoring through professional watch services, monitor major e-commerce platforms (Amazon India, Flipkart, Myntra), track social media for brand misuse, and maintain relationships with local enforcement agencies. Consider automated brand protection tools that scan Indian websites and marketplaces for unauthorized use.
Recent Developments to Watch
- The government is considering changes to streamline the trademark framework and speed approvals (July 2025). Expect process tweaks and technology upgrades.
- The Registry's new "Trademark Application Queue List" lets you check tentative examination timelines by application number. Use it to manage expectations and plan launches.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.
