This is the fourth article in a four-part series on wills and estate planning.
In the first three editions of Estate Planning – Regular Check-Ups Required!, we discussed how changes in your assets, changes in your family life and relationships, and changes in estate laws may require that you review and revise your estate planning documents.
As a general rule of thumb, we suggested that if your estate planning documents are more than three to five years old, it's time to review and up-date them.
Another reason to review your estate planning on a regular basis is that the tax laws applicable to estates change from time to time which may make prior plans and strategies no longer effective.
A number of recent changes in our tax laws have also affected estate planning strategies:
1. Prior to 2016, income earned in an estate and any trust
arising as a result of death (a testamentary trust) was taxable at
the graduated rates of tax applicable to an individual. As of
January 1, 2016, graduated tax rates are available only for a
graduated rate estate ("GRE") that meets
certain requirements and for a maximum of 36 months after
death.
What this means is that for on-going trusts created by a Will,
after the first 36 months, any income that is not taxed in the
hands of a beneficiary will be taxed at the top tax rate, which is
approximately 46% in Ontario. This puts an end to the
income-splitting opportunity that made the establishment of many
testamentary trusts attractive and as well, made many spousal
trusts attractive. These allowed the potential for income splitting
between the adult child and the trust or the spouse and the trust.
Such structures will have to be re-thought.
A GRE is only available to an estate. Prior to this change, an
insurance trust created outside of the Will not only provided
savings of probate fees, but also qualified as a testamentary trust
to which the graduated rates of tax applied. This is no longer the
case and such a trust does not qualify to be designated as a GRE.
These strategies have to be revisited to determine whether the
probate fee savings on the value of the insurance outweighs the
income tax savings in the first 36 months if the funds form part of
the GRE.
Finally, you will quite likely want your estate to qualify for GRE
status so that it can take advantage of 36 months' of graduated
tax rates on income earned and, more importantly, because only a
GRE can carry back estate losses to the deceased's terminal
return, access new flexible charitable donation credit rules, and
benefit from 0% capital gain inclusion on terminal return for
donations of marketable securities. For these reasons, many estate
planners are now including clauses in the Will specifically
directing the Executor to consider electing that the estate have
GRE status as well as a clause to preserve the testamentary trust
status for 36 months after death.
2. If a beneficiary qualifies for the disability tax credit, a new trust called a "Qualified Disability Trust" or "QDT" can be established and should now be considered.
3. The major changes announced October 3, 2016 for the Principal Residence Exemption ("PRE") now affects trusts that hold the home. For tax years that begin after 2016, only eligible trusts may claim the PRE and if the trust acquires the property on or after October 3, 2016, the terms of the trust MUST also provide the eligible beneficiary with a right to the use and enjoyment of the property as a residence throughout the year in which the trust owns the property. This requires re-visiting Wills in which homes were set aside in trust to ensure that they will not be off-side of the new rules.
Your estate planning documents do not adapt to your changed circumstances or to changes in the applicable laws. Regular check-ups will ensure that your objectives (or changed objectives) will be met and that they will be met in a cost-effective and tax efficient manner.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.