1 The Legislative Framework of the Cartel Prohibition

1.1 What is the legal basis and general nature of the cartel prohibition, e.g. is it civil and/or criminal?

The legal bases of the cartel prohibition are Articles 4(1) and 5 of the Federal Act on Cartels and other Restraints of Competition of 6 October 1995 (CA), the equivalent to Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The basis for fines is Article 49a CA. The Ordinance on Sanctions imposed for Unlawful Restraints of Competition of 12 March 2004 regulates details regarding the imposition of fines. The legal nature of the Swiss cartel prohibition is civil

1.2 What are the specific substantive provisions for the cartel prohibition?

Article 4(1) CA defines the notion of "arrangements affecting competition" as binding or non-binding agreements and concerted practices between undertakings operating at the same or at different levels of trade which have a restraint of competition as their object or effect. In the past years, the Competition Commission (ComCo) has increasingly resorted to the notion of an "overall arrangement" to capture several infringements in one overall infringement. This notion resembles the notion of the single and continuous infringement in the EU case law; its contours are, however, less clear.

Article 5(3) CA presumes that arrangements between actual or potential competitors (a) to directly or indirectly fix prices, (b) to limit the quantities of goods or services to be produced, purchased or supplied, and/or (c) to allocate markets, geographically or according to trading partners, in order to eliminate effective competition.

Furthermore, Article 5(4) CA presumes that two kinds of vertical arrangements presumptively eliminate competition: (a) arrangements regarding fixed or minimum resale prices; and/or (b) arrangements regarding the restriction of passive sales.

The presumption of elimination of effective competition can be rebutted. However, according to the practice of the Federal Supreme Court, arrangements within the meaning of Articles 5(3) or (4) CA are generally significant restrictions of competition. To be lawful, such arrangements must be justified on grounds of economic efficiency. Arrangements are justified on grounds of economic efficiency if: (a) they are necessary to reduce production or distribution costs, improve products or production processes, promote research into or dissemination of technical or professional know-how, or exploit resources more rationally; and (b) they will, under no circumstances, enable the parties involved to eliminate effective competition.

 1.3 Who enforces the cartel prohibition?

The cartel prohibition is primarily enforced by ComCo and its Secretariat (the investigate body of ComCo). Civil courts may also enforce the cartel prohibition, but they have no power to impose fines. ComCo's decisions are subject to judicial review by the Federal Administrative Court and the Federal Supreme Court.

1.4 What are the basic procedural steps between the opening of an investigation and the imposition of sanctions?

Some investigations are opened after the Secretariat has conducted a preliminary investigation. A preliminary investigation is a procedure in which the Secretariat investigates whether the case is worth being pursued in a formal investigation. Investigations can be triggered as a result of leniency applications, whistleblowers (individuals), complaints by customers or competitors, press reports, through the Secretariat's own market intelligence or through a chance find of ComCo in another investigation

Many cartel investigations start with unannounced inspections and interrogations of the representatives of the undertakings subject to the investigation. Often, undertakings file for leniency when these unannounced inspections take place. In Switzerland, immunity is generally also available after an investigation has been opened.

Following the opening of the investigation, the Secretariat will review the evidence gathered in dawn raids and/or leniency applications, send out requests for information and/or interrogate further persons.

After having concluded the review of the evidence, the Secretariat drafts the so-called "motion" (which corresponds to the Statement of Objections of the European Commission). With the motion, the Secretariat requests ComCo to discontinue the investigation, or to impose a fine or to approve a settlement with the parties, etc.

The parties can also negotiate a settlement with the Secretariat (please see question 6.1).

Once drafted, the motion is circulated to the parties to the investigation for comments.

After having received the comments of the parties, the Secretariat decides whether to conduct further investigative steps or to submit the motion to ComCo for a decision. If the Secretariat deems the motion complete, it submits the motion to ComCo together with the comments of the parties. This is the latest point prior to which a party can request the Secretariat to conclude a settlement.

After the Secretariat has submitted its motion to ComCo, ComCo decides whether the case is ripe for a decision or whether it must be referred back to the Secretariat for further investigation. If ComCo deems the case ripe for a decision, it conducts a hearing, at which the parties can orally defend their case. After the hearing, ComCo decides on the case (or refers it back to the Secretariat for further investigation). ComCo then drafts the decision based on the motion of the Secretariat.

1.5 Are there any sector-specific offences or exemptions?

No. To the extent that the regulatory framework does not permit competition, that sector is exempted from the cartel prohibition.

1.6 Is cartel conduct outside your jurisdiction covered by the prohibition?

To fall under the jurisdiction of the CA, it is sufficient that the alleged conduct has potential effects in Switzerland. It is not necessary that such effects are direct, substantial or reasonably foreseeable.

2 Investigative Powers

2.1 Please provide a summary of the general investigatory powers in your jurisdiction.

The Secretariat has the power to order the production of specific documents or information and the power to carry out compulsory interviews with individuals. However, these powers are limited by the privilege against self-incrimination (Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)); please see question 2.7

The Secretariat can also carry out an unannounced search of business and residential premises. The Secretariat has the right to secure premises overnight (e.g. by seal). The Secretariat claims the right to "image" computer hard drives using forensic IT tools (i.e. not only those parts of the file that relate to the investigation). In most cases, it will be regarded as disproportionate to retain the original documents. The Secretariat also has (within the limits of the privilege against self-incrimination) the right to require an explanation of the documents or information supplied.

2.2 Please list any specific or unusual features of the investigatory powers in your jurisdiction.

Unannounced inspections of the Secretariat require the approval of the president of ComCo and not of a court.

2.3 Are there general surveillance powers (e.g. bugging)?

There are no general surveillance powers.

2.4 Are there any other significant powers of investigation?

There is a cooperation agreement in place between Switzerland and the European Commission which allows for the exchange of confidential information

2.5 Who will carry out searches of business and/or residential premises and will they wait for legal advisors to arrive?

The Secretariat carries out unannounced searches. It is typically accompanied by the police and a neutral person (notary). The Secretariat does not wait for legal advisors to arrive.

2.6 Is in-house legal advice protected by the rules of privilege?

No, in-house legal advice is currently not protected by the rules of privilege.

2.7 Please list other material limitations of the investigatory powers to safeguard the rights of defence of companies and/or individuals under investigation.

Undertakings enjoy the privilege against self-incrimination (Article 6 ECHR). They may refuse to produce documents, explain documents and/or provide information relating to the alleged conduct. Arguably, this privilege goes further than the privilege against self-incrimination as interpreted by the European Court of Justice, which considers that "purely factual" questions must be answered. However, the Federal Administrative Court has held that undertakings would have a duty to provide turnover data, which are the basis to calculate the fines.

The privilege against self-incrimination extends to members of the formal or factual body of the company (but only to them). Members of the formal or factual body of the company cannot be compelled to incriminate the undertaking they represent. With regard to other employees and former (e.g. retired) officers, they can be interrogated as witnesses and can be compelled to incriminate the undertaking they are or were working for.

2.8 Are there sanctions for the obstruction of investigations? If so, have these ever been used? Has the authorities' approach to this changed, e.g. become stricter, recently?

Yes. Obstruction of an investigation (beyond the privilege against self-incrimination) has been taken into account as an aggravating circumstance when calculating the fine. For example, the fines of undertakings that deleted or moved aside documents during an unannounced inspection were increased by 10%. The authorities' approach has not changed in recent years. In addition, an obstruction of an inspection can be subject to criminal sanctions.

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