Updated January 16, 2025.
Spurred by the COVID-19 Pandemic and bricks-and-mortar closures, businesses – from SMEs to multinationals, startups to mature businesses, groceries to esthetics, B2B to B2C – have shifted or expanded the sale of their products and services online, leveraging e-commerce platforms to offer customers a convenient purchasing experience electronically. This shift parallels the purchasing behaviours of consumers and users – even after the Pandemic. According to Statistics Canada:
- From February 2020 to July 2022, retail e-commerce sales increased by 67.9%.
- Retail e-commerce sales as a proportion of total retail sales increased from 3.9% in 2019 to 6.2% in July 2022.
- The persistence of retail e-commerce sales above pre-Pandemic levels suggests the move to e-commerce during COVID-19 lockdowns could have prompted a long-term change in consumer spending habits and retailer operating models.
This substantial change in business practice brings both new opportunities and new legal risks to businesses looking to transition to and to grow their digital market. Online or electronic contracts are generally subject to the same legal principles as if the parties entered into a written or verbal contract in person. But the virtual nature of electronic contracting entails some unique legal nuances. Here's a look at the key legal issues around the formation, interpretation and enforcement of electronic contracts and tips to help businesses address them.
Electronic Contract Formation
For any contract, electronic or "traditional" written or oral, to be legally binding, the deal must meet three key criteria. When contracting electronically, it's sometimes more difficult to determine whether these criteria are met and the parties have formed a binding contract:
Offer. One party must make an offer to another party, and that offer must contain the important and relevant terms of the contract; the price is one example. Courts usually don't consider an online advertisement to be an "offer" for the purposes of forming a contract. However, an online advertisement might meet the standard of an "offer" if it's sufficiently clear and definite, there's no negotiation, and the price and availability of the product or service are advertised. If you're seeking to use online advertisements as a form of an offer to sell your product or service, and ultimately to form a binding contract, make sure it contains enough information about the contract terms to give it a sufficient degree of certainty.
Acceptance. The party receiving the offer must accept it. The virtual nature of online or electronic acceptance can pose legal challenges to determine whether there was, in fact, acceptance of the contract terms – and the law is evolving to keep pace with how Canadians are communicating electronically.
Case in point: acceptance by the "thumb's up" emoji. In the 2023 Saskatchewan Court of King's Bench decision in South West Terminal Ltd. v. Achter Land, a prospective purchaser texted a contract for the purchase of flax to a farmer. The farmer texted back with a "thumb's up" emoji. The farmer didn't deliver the flax and the purchaser was forced to buy it elsewhere at a higher price. The purchaser sued the famer for breach of contract, arguing the farmer's "thumb's up" emoji was acceptance of the contract; the farmer argued it was intended to merely acknowledge receipt of the contract. The Court sided with the purchaser and held the parties had created a binding and enforceable contract, the farmer breached it, and the purchaser was entitled to $82,000 in damages. The Court also offered some insightful comments on the electronic acceptance of contracts and the use of the "thumb's up" emoji to do so:
- Meaning. The "thumb's up" emoji now has a dictionary meaning and is said to be used to express assent, approval, or encouragement in digital communications, especially in western cultures.
- Acceptance. While a "thumb's up" emoji is a non-traditional means to sign a document, in the circumstances of this case it was a valid way to convey both a signature to identify the signatory (the farmer's representative using his unique cell phone number) and their acceptance of the contract.
- Evolution. Although this is a novel case, courts shouldn't try to stem the tide of technology and common usage because these types of electronic communications appear to be the new Canadian reality – and courts must be ready to meet the new challenges they give rise to.
On December 16, 2024, a majority of the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal affirmed the Court's decision. The decision is a cautionary tale illustrating how a party could enter a contract electronically when they (allegedly) didn't intend it. So, think before you type: emails, text messages and now even certain emojis could create a valid, binding, and enforceable contract. Better yet, stipulate contract acceptance must be via e-signature software like DocuSign. Or put your contract online and use a form of "wrap" to obtain a user's or purchaser's acceptance. The most common types of wraps are:
- Browse wraps. The user/consumer has been given sufficient notice of the contract and accepts the terms simply by using or scrolling through the website.
- Click wraps.The user/consumer accepts the contract terms by clicking "I agree" or a similar button but doesn't necessarily view the contract.
- Scroll wraps.The user/consumer accepts the contract terms by scrolling through an electronic contract and clicking "I agree" or a similar button.
- Sign-in wraps.The user/consumer accepts the contract terms by signing up for services.
Consider how a consumer or a user will accept your electronic contract and the risk a court won't enforce it. The more an e-commerce platform is designed to ensure users/consumers actively read the terms, the more likely a court will enforce such terms. A click wrap, scroll wrap or sign-in wrap is less risky because the user's or consumer's intention and actual acceptance of the contract terms is more definitive, and Canadian courts have enforced electronic contracts using these acceptance methods. Browse wraps are riskier because they raise questions about whether a user actually intended to and did accept the contract terms.
Consideration. The parties must exchange something of new value, or at least promise to do so. Often, the consideration is money in exchange for a product or service. In e-commerce, the consideration for the electronic contract is the payment of money in exchange for the promise to deliver or provide the good or service. With online subscription services, the consideration is often a regular payment in exchange for continued access to the service.
Electronic Contract Interpretation
Courts interpret electronic contract terms just as they interpret traditional written or oral contract terms. In all contracting methods, the law recognizes that where one party drafts the entire contract and there's no negotiation, there can be a bargaining imbalance between the parties. Courts rectify an imbalance using the legal rule that any ambiguity in the contract terms is interpreted in favour of the party that didn't draft the contract. Perhaps more than traditional contracts, and depending on the product or service, it's standard that one party drafts the entire electronic contract and there's no negotiation – and the parties aren't together in-person. If the terms of an electronic contract aren't easy to understand, there's a greater risk of disputes and a greater risk disputes will be resolved in the user/consumer's favour. To mitigate this risk, ensure the terms of your electronic contract are in plain language, clear and unambiguous.
Electronic Contract Enforcement
Generally, where a party enters into an electronic contract, as with any contract, they are bound to it and must comply with its terms. But in rare cases, courts refuse to enforce a contract or one of its terms on the basis of special contractual rules. Two of the most frequent rules courts rely on to refuse to enforce a contract are:
Public policy. Refusal for public policy reasons, which can include a substantial inequality of bargaining power between the parties. Inequality of bargaining power exists when one party can't adequately protect their interests in the contracting process, and may include differences in wealth, knowledge, experience or capabilities that impair a party's ability to freely enter or negotiate a contract, for example where a party has no choice but to enter into a contract or doesn't understand the contract they're entering into. The existence of a significant advantage or disadvantage under the contract itself can establish an inequality in bargaining power.
Unconscionability. Refusal because there's an inequality of bargaining power between the parties and the contract or term is so one-sided when it was formed that the deal is unreasonably unfair. A contract is one-sided if it significantly advantages or disadvantages one of the parties to the contract based on the circumstances surrounding the contract formation, such as the market price, the commercial setting and the parties' positions. For example, if the price of goods or services is significantly different from the usual market price or the contract terms are manifestly unfair, the contract might be too one-sided.
Canadian courts have refused to enforce one-sided terms in "standard form" electronic contracts, drafted by one party that is more powerful and accepted by another party that is weaker with no negotiation. For example, the Supreme Court of Canada has at least twice refused to enforce dispute resolution clauses that heavily favour large corporations contained in online terms of use: a choice of forum clause in its 2017 decision in Douez v. Facebook, Inc. (even though the corporation used a click-wrap acceptance approach); and more recently, an arbitration clause in its 2020 decision in Uber Technologies Inc. v. Heller. So carefully consider the reasonableness of your contract terms and be particularly cautious if you are including especially "one-sided" terms that take advantage of the inequality of bargaining power between you and the user/consumer. If you decide to include them, fully explain the effects of these terms in the contract, and draw the user's attention to them, such as by requiring the user/consumer to specifically indicate acceptance of the specific clause, bolding it and underlining it.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.
