Answer ... The Code of Civil Procedure and EU regulations.

Answer ... The court of appeal at the place where the person against which enforcement is sought is domiciled; or, in the case of judgments handed down in EU member states, local courts with the same internal jurisdiction

Answer ... In order for a judgment to be recognised and enforced in Portugal, the following criteria must be met:

• There is no doubt as to the authenticity of the document containing the judgment or the reasoning of the decision;
• The judgment is considered res judicata under the law of the country in which it was rendered;
• The jurisdiction of the foreign court was not determined by fraud and the case does not fall within the exclusive competence of the Portuguese courts;
• The exception of lis pendens or res judicata cannot be invoked regarding a case between the same parties before a Portuguese court, unless it was the foreign court that prevented jurisdiction;
• The defendant was properly summoned to the proceedings in accordance with the law of the country of the court of origin, and the principles of fair hearing and equality of the parties were observed;
• Recognition of the judgment would not be manifestly incompatible with the principles of international public order of the Portuguese state.

Answer ... Yes. Certification is required to confirm that the judgment is considered res judicata under the law of the country in which it was rendered.

Answer ... No. Certification is required to confirm that the judgment is considered res judicata under the law of the country in which it was rendered.

Answer ... There is no limitation period. As long as the original decision remains valid, it may be subject to recognition before the Portuguese courts. However, a general 20-year statute of limitations applies for most claims. Shorter terms are established in specific cases and may constitute valid grounds to challenge recognition.

Answer ... Yes. Enforcement must always be preceded by an exequatur decision of a Portuguese court.

Answer ... A certificate of the judgment, issued and certified by the court that issued it, confirming that the judgment is final and duly legalised (under the Apostille Convention or by consular certification).

Answer ... The court fees must be paid before the request for recognition is filed.

Answer ... This depends on several factors, including any obstacles to service. If the defendant is summoned quickly, it usually takes between five and nine months.

Answer ... Yes, through a cautionary procedure, which may be general or specific (eg, concerning asset attachments or compulsory inventories), as long as the fear of damage to the invoked right may be indicatively proven.

Answer ... The defendant may challenge recognition and enforcement of a foreign judgment if one of the criteria set out in Article 980 of the Code of Civil Procedure is not met, as follows:

• There is no doubt as to the authenticity of the document containing the judgment or the reasoning of the decision;
• The judgment is considered res judicata under the law of the country in which it was rendered;
• The jurisdiction of the foreign court was not determined by fraud and the case does not fall within the exclusive competence of the Portuguese courts;
• The exception of lis pendens or res judicata cannot be invoked regarding a case between the same parties before a Portuguese court, unless it was the foreign court that prevented jurisdiction;
• The defendant was properly summoned to the proceedings in accordance with the law of the country of the court of origin, and the principles of fair hearing and equality of the parties were observed;
• Recognition of the judgment would not be manifestly incompatible with the principles of international public order of the Portuguese state.

Answer ... Once the defendant has been summoned, it has 15 days to file a challenge. The plaintiff may reply to the challenge within 10 days.

Answer ... Not applicable, as the challenge is not independent from the recognition request, so a challenge will always precede an exequatur decision.

Answer ... Yes. A foreign judgment will be recognised only if the defendant was duly served and the principles of fair hearing and equality between the parties were respected.

Answer ... The Portuguese court will verify that the jurisdiction of the foreign court was not obtain by fraudulent means and that it is not contradicted by exclusive Portuguese jurisdiction.

Answer ... Yes. The court will confirm that there is no doubt as to the authenticity of the document containing the judgment or the reasoning of the decision; and that recognition of the judgment would not be manifestly incompatible with the principles of international public order of the Portuguese state.

Answer ... No, except insofar as is necessary to verify that the judgment is not incompatible with the principles of international public order of the Portuguese state. If the defendant is a Portuguese citizen or company, the Portuguese court may also verify that, if Portuguese law were found to be the governing law under the Portuguese conflict of laws rules, and were applied accordingly, the decision would not be more favourable to the defendant.

Answer ... A foreign decision can be recognised only if the exception of lis pendens or res judicata cannot be invoked regarding a case between the same parties before a Portuguese court, unless it was the foreign court that prevented jurisdiction Otherwise, this will be considered a dilatory objection and the Portuguese court will not decide on the matter and thus will not recognise the judgment.

Answer ... Yes. The court of its own motion (ex officio) can deny recognition if, upon examining the case or applying knowledge derived from the performance of its duties, it finds that any of the necessary criteria mentioned in questions 2.1, 5.3 and 5.5 are not met.

Answer ... No. The decision concerns recognition of the foreign judgment only; the Portuguese court will not change or adapt the original decision.

Answer ... The court will not deal with these issues regarding the foreign judgement. If they are part of the judgment, they will be included in the recognition decision. Otherwise, they are not subject to the court’s jurisdiction.

Answer ... Yes. In general, where competence lies with the court of appeal, an appeal may be brought before the Supreme Court of Justice. With regard to the recognition of judgments handed down in EU member states, an appeal may be brought before the court of appeal.

Answer ... No specific provision is made for injunctive relief where a decision to refuse recognition is being appealed. Injunctive relief, on general grounds, may be sought if the applicant can prove that the claim invoked would be clearly impaired by the decision refusing recognition.

Answer ... Once an exequatur decision has been granted and has become final, the foreign judgment may be subject to coercive execution through a different procedure or, if it has become valid as if it were a Portuguese decision, before Portuguese public entities (eg, a foreign divorce judgment involving a Portuguese person may, once an exequatur decision has been obtained, serve as grounds to amend the Civil Register).

Answer ... Not directly, since enforcement may be sought only against those who are indicated as parties in the judgment. The sole exception concerns the successors of a deceased third party, whose status must be confirmed by filing valid documentary proof.

Answer ... No changes are expected in the foreseeable future. Potential changes will probably arise primarily as a result of changes to EU legislation and its application by the courts.

Answer ... Service of process on the defendant is usually the biggest obstacle and can significantly delay the entire process. Service may be effected through a letter rogatory (through consular request), which is usually time consuming; however, if the current address of the defendant is known, service may be effected by Portuguese registered letter with acknowledgment of receipt, which may be faster.