Central Bank ESG Guidelines And Prudential Standards: Implications For Family Office Banking Relationships And Credit Facilities

This article provides general information and analysis for educational purposes only. It does not constitute legal, financial, regulatory, or investment advice. Readers should consult qualified advisors regarding their specific circumstances and needs.

Executive Takeaways for Family Offices

• UAE sustainable finance expectations now sit inside prudential supervision: banks are being pushed to evidence governance, risk management and disclosure around climate and broader sustainability risks, and they are cascading these asks to their clients.
• Family offices in the UAE now face a strategic and regulatory moment where ESG integration is shifting from a "nice-to-have" to an essential element of capital preservation, deal access, and inter-generational wealth planning, as sustainable finance and prudential rules move from high level frameworks to concrete supervisory expectations.
• In this context, the UAE Sustainable Finance Framework and emerging Central Bank ESG‑linked prudential standards are re‑wiring how risk, return, and reputation are assessed, making ESG integration a core governance question for family offices rather than a branding choice.
• The fastest route to smoother banking outcomes is a bankable ESG data room: clear governance, portfolio exposure mapping, emissions and transition narratives where relevant, and defensible assurance/verification choices.
• Market practice is converging: EU prudential guidance on ESG risks, updated sustainable loan principles, and the post-2025 greenwashing crackdown mean UAE banks increasingly benchmark their expectations against global standards.
• Strategic unlock: treat ESG capability as financial infrastructure. It reduces friction across banks and jurisdictions and expands access to sustainability-linked financing structures.

Why this matters now: the UAE landscape is materially tighter

The UAE's sustainable finance regime has been evolving since 2016 with State of Green Finance in the UAE report¹, creation of UAE Sustainable Finance Working Group (SFWG) in 2019 (comprising UAE government agencies, financial regulatory authorities an stock exchanges, including Ministry of Climate Change and Environment (MOCCAE) and the Central Bank of the UAE) and issuance of UAE Sustainable Finance Framework 2021-2031². The foundational "Guiding Principles on Sustainable Finance in the UAE" were issued through the UAE Sustainable Finance Working Group (SFWG) and were subsequently reinforced through public statements including the SFWG's Second Public Statement on Sustainable Finance dated 9 November 2022³ and latest being Fourth Statement issued during Abu Dhabi Finance Week 2025.

The more direct prudential turn came with the UAE "Principles for the Effective Management of Climate-related Financial Risks" launched in November 2023, providing a comprehensive approach for integrating climate risks into business strategies and risk management frameworks within financial institutions⁴.That turn was then complemented by "Principles for Sustainability-Related Disclosures for Reporting Entities" (effective 14 June 2024), explicitly aimed at higher-quality, decision-useful sustainability disclosures⁵.

In September 2025, Federal Decree-Law No. 6 of 2025 modernised and consolidated the UAE's federal financial sector regulatory framework (banking and insurance), and expressly includes fostering sustainable finance and integrating ESG principles within the Central Bank's objectives and operations⁶. In practical terms, this increases supervisory coherence and raises the likelihood that ESG-related requests will be treated as baseline risk-management expectations rather than optional initiatives.

It is critical to distinguish between three regulatory layers: Federal Decree-Law No. 6 of 2025 represents binding federal legislation establishing statutory mandates for banks. The UAE Sustainable Finance Framework and CBUAE climate risk principles constitute regulatory principles establishing supervisory expectations that banks must address through governance and risk frameworks. Finally, supervisory expectations emerge through examination processes—for example, while no regulation explicitly mandates Scope 3 disclosure from all borrowers, supervisors increasingly treat material Scope 3 exposure as a credit risk factor.

Crucially, banks' legal obligations require them to establish ESG risk frameworks, but how they operationalize this—what data they request, which sectors they exclude, how they price facilities—reflects both regulatory pressure and commercial positioning. This creates negotiation space for family offices around KPI definitions, pricing mechanics, and covenant structures.

The newly issued Climate Transition Planning Principles 2025 provide a structured framework for UAE financial institutions and corporates to prepare, govern, and disclose credible information on climate transition strategies. These principles emphasize integrating transition planning into governance frameworks, scenario analysis, and risk management. The transition principles aim to direct financial flows toward activities aligned with the UAE's climate objectives, in line with global best practices.

The UAE Sustainable Finance Framework aims to mainstream sustainability in financial decision‑making and risk management, enhance supply and demand for sustainable finance products, and build an enabling environment through regulation and collaboration between financial and real‑sector actors. It explicitly calls for embedding sustainability into existing policies and legislation, and for regulatory guidelines on assessing and managing ESG and climate‑related risk exposures in lending and investment activities.

As prudential standards and guidance on sustainability in Islamic finance, disclosure, and market development are articulated, banks will increasingly scrutinise counterparties and financed projects on ESG grounds to protect balance‑sheet resilience. For family offices that rely on local banks and financial institutions, this shifts ESG from a voluntary value lens to a gateway criterion that influences credit terms, product access, and even onboarding in private banking and wealth platforms.

Family offices depend on banking relationships for credit facilities, custody, and private banking services, making relationship disruption costly. As banks cascade ESG requirements, family offices unable to provide credible ESG data face elongated approvals, reduced credit, and higher pricing. Premium deal flow increasingly requires ESG credentials. Private equity sponsors and infrastructure platforms expect co-investors to demonstrate ESG capability for LP reporting. Moreover, next-generation family members view ESG as integral to wealth stewardship, making robust governance essential for intergenerational capital preservation and family cohesion.

Global Convergence: Why Central Banks Now Treat ESG as Prudential Risk

Across major jurisdictions, supervisors have moved from principles to implementation. The European Banking Authority's final Guidelines on the management of ESG risks (published January 2025) require institutions to identify, measure, manage and monitor ESG risks across environmental, social and governance factors, including transition planning and forward-looking assessment⁷. In November 2025, the EBA further issued Guidelines on environmental scenario analysis, reinforcing the expectation that banks use scenarios to test resilience and inform strategy and risk appetite⁸.

For UAE-based family offices, the implication is straightforward: even if you are not directly regulated, your bank is. The bank's supervisory expectations become your information requests, your covenant language, and your pricing and collateral outcomes.

The CBUAE Sustainable Finance Framework

The Central Bank of the UAE's Guiding Principles establish a comprehensive framework requiring financial institutions to integrate ESG considerations across their operations. This framework aligns with international best practices emerging from the European Central Bank, the Bank of England, and the Monetary Authority of Singapore, all of which have implemented progressively stringent climate risk management requirements.

From a family-office perspective, the operative framework is best understood as three layers: (i) foundational sustainable finance principles (SFWG⁹), (ii) prudential expectations for climate risk management (2023 Principles¹⁰), and (iii) decision-useful sustainability disclosures (2024 Disclosure Principles¹¹). Within bank-client relationships, four pillars are especially relevant:

Governance and Strategy Requirements

Financial institutions must establish board-level oversight of ESG risks and integrate sustainability considerations into strategic planning. Banks are expected to appoint senior management responsible for ESG integration across business lines. For family offices, this translates into heightened scrutiny during relationship onboarding and periodic reviews, as banks assess whether client relationships align with their ESG risk appetite and sector policies.

Risk Management Integration

The framework requires banks to identify, assess, monitor, and manage ESG risks within their enterprise risk management systems. ESG risks manifest across traditional risk categories: credit risk (borrower exposure to climate transition risks), market risk (asset repricing due to ESG factors), operational risk (business disruption from climate events), and reputational risk (association with environmentally harmful activities).

Family office credit applications now undergo ESG due diligence alongside traditional financial analysis. Banks evaluate portfolio composition, sector exposures, governance structures, and potential ESG controversies as part of credit underwriting processes.

Enhanced Due Diligence Standards

Banks increasingly require comprehensive ESG due diligence documentation for family office relationships. Minimum expectations typically include organizational ESG policies documenting the governance approach, portfolio composition analysis identifying sector exposures and ESG-sensitive investments, climate risk assessment evaluating physical and transition risks, third-party ESG ratings or scores from recognized providers where available, and controversy screening demonstrating processes for identifying and addressing ESG issues in portfolio holdings.

The depth of required documentation scales with relationship size and complexity. Smaller relationships may satisfy requirements through streamlined questionnaires and self-declarations, while relationships exceeding certain thresholds or involving sustainability-linked financing features mandate significantly more rigorous documentation standards.

Sustainability-related disclosure quality

The 2024 Disclosure Principles establish expectations for decision-useful sustainability reporting. While these principles primarily target regulated entities, banks increasingly expect their clients—particularly larger family offices—to provide analogous information to support the bank's own regulatory reporting obligations, particularly regarding financed emissions calculations under frameworks like the Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials (PCAF).

Impact on Banking Relationships

Enhanced Know-Your-Client Procedures

Family offices opening new banking relationships now encounter ESG-focused questionnaires alongside traditional KYC documentation. Banks typically request information concerning investment strategy and ESG integration approach, portfolio composition including exposure to high-carbon sectors, governance structures and ESG oversight mechanisms, and any material ESG controversies or litigation.

While providing this information remains technically voluntary, practical reality dictates cooperation. Banks may decline relationships or impose restrictions where ESG risk profile appears incompatible with their institutional risk appetite.

Sector Exclusions and Restricted Activities

Major UAE financial institutions including First Abu Dhabi Bank, Emirates NBD, and Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank have adopted ESG policies featuring sector exclusions, typically covering thermal coal mining and coal-fired power generation, Arctic oil and gas exploration, controversial weapons manufacturing, tobacco production, and activities involving significant deforestation or biodiversity impact.

Family offices with portfolio exposure to excluded sectors may face relationship challenges, including account opening difficulties, transaction restrictions, or requests to segregate excluded activities into separate banking relationships.

Implications for Credit Facilities

ESG obligations in credit facilities arise through multiple mechanisms - representations and warranties (ESG information accuracy, environmental law compliance), information covenants (ongoing ESG reporting), discretionary credit committee decisions (renewals based on ESG assessment), and relationship termination clauses. Understanding these sources enables effective negotiation beyond explicit sustainability-linked provisions.

Sustainability-Linked Loans

Sustainability-Linked Loans (SLLs) link pricing to performance against agreed KPIs and sustainability performance targets. In March 2025, global loan market associations updated the Sustainability-Linked Loan Principles and related guidance, tightening clarity on what is mandatory vs recommended and strengthening market practice expectations (including around KPI selection, calibration and verification)¹². A reference example is IFC's sustainability-linked loan (up to US$75 million) to Banco Finandina (announced July 2025), which illustrates how targets can combine climate and social outcomes (e.g., clean mobility financing and women-owned MSME objectives)¹³.

KPIs must be mathematically precise with locked baselines established through independent verification at inception. Adjustment mechanisms should trigger only for material portfolio changes (>20-25% threshold). Avoid incorporating frameworks like LMA Principles by blanket reference. These span hundreds of pages, evolve over time, and create open-ended obligations. Instead, extract specific provisions, lock versions, and define scope explicitly.

Green Loans and Use-of-Proceeds Restrictions

Green loans, governed by the Green Loan Principles, restrict proceeds exclusively to eligible green projects such as renewable energy installations, energy efficiency improvements, or green building acquisitions. For family offices, green loans prove most applicable when financing identified green capital expenditure.

Green loan documentation includes use-of-proceeds covenants restricting deployment to eligible projects, annual reporting requirements detailing allocation and environmental impact metrics, and third-party verification obligations. Banks may offer modest pricing advantages, typically 5-10 basis points, reflecting their desire to build sustainable finance portfolios. FAB's commitment to lend, invest, and facilitate USD 135 billion in sustainable and transition finance by 2030 exemplifies the scale of institutional appetite for such products.

Capital Markets Implications

Family offices accessing debt capital markets face parallel ESG expectations through direct issuances or portfolio company financing. Green and sustainability-linked bonds now dominate institutional issuance in the UAE, with ADX and DFM introducing sustainability disclosure guidance for listed entities. Sukuk structures increasingly embed ESG features within Shariah-compliant arrangements.

Credit rating agencies have systematically integrated ESG into methodologies. S&P Global Ratings, Moody's, and Fitch now publish ESG credit indicators - material ESG controversies typically compress credit ratings by 1-2 notches, directly increasing borrowing costs.

Bond documentation differs critically from bilateral facilities: investor consent thresholds replace bank discretion, public disclosure obligations are more extensive, and covenant packages cannot be renegotiated mid-term. For family offices evaluating capital markets access, ESG preparedness increasingly determines not whether issuance is possible, but what pricing and investor base is accessible.

Collateral Valuation and ESG Risk Assessment

Banks increasingly incorporate ESG considerations into collateral valuations, a trend accelerated by the International Valuation Standards (IVS) mandate, effective January 2025, requiring valuations to include ESG-related factors. For real estate collateral, properties demonstrating poor energy efficiency or situated in areas of elevated climate physical risk may face loan-to-value haircuts.

The magnitude of this risk is substantial: JLL analysis of 46,600 buildings across 14 cities found that 65% of office and 75% of multifamily buildings face stranding risk by 2030 without action to improve building performance. The European real estate sector, accounting for nearly 40% of Europe's energy consumption and 36% of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, faces particular scrutiny. Family offices with European property holdings should anticipate haircuts of 10-20% on collateral valuations for buildings lacking energy performance certificates or credible retrofit plans.

For securities collateral in Lombard loan structures, portfolios concentrated in high-carbon sectors may face higher margin requirements or reduced advance rates. Family offices with legacy holdings in carbon-intensive sectors have several options: portfolio diversification to improve ESG profile, acceptance of reduced advance rates on existing collateral composition, or provision of alternative security such as real estate or fund commitments.

ESG collateral haircuts are market-driven, not mandated, with significant jurisdictional variation. EU banks systematically apply 10-25% haircuts for poor energy efficiency, UAE banks apply selectively as practice emerges, UK banks follow EU-similar approaches (15-30%), while US practices vary by institution. Family offices should negotiate: alternative collateral rights if ESG haircuts reduce availability, detailed methodology disclosure requirements, independent valuer protections with pre-approved lists, and haircut caps (typically 15-20% for real estate, 25-30% for securities) absent material adverse changes.

Enhanced Covenant Packages

Traditional financial covenants remain standard in family office credit facilities. However, ESG-enhanced covenant structures are emerging. Sustainability-linked covenant relief provides covenant headroom upon achievement of ESG targets. For example: "If Borrower achieves Sustainability Performance Target, maximum Leverage Ratio increases from 3.0x to 3.25x."

ESG-specific affirmative covenants require borrowers to maintain board-approved ESG policies, produce annual ESG reports covering specified topics, maintain memberships in relevant sustainability initiatives, or obtain and maintain certifications such as B Corp status.

Family offices should approach ESG Events of Default provisions with considerable caution. The ECB's findings that banks still "fall short of adequately accounting for climate-related risks, especially within their stress testing frameworks and credit risk models" suggests that ESG default triggers may be inconsistently applied across institutions. Given the subjective nature of ESG assessments, family offices are well-advised to resist such provisions, arguing that ESG underperformance should affect pricing mechanisms rather than trigger default rights.

Family Offices should negotiate hard exclusions of ESG-based Events of Default. Failure to achieve KPI targets or ESG information covenant breaches should trigger pricing adjustments or enhanced reporting only—never default status with acceleration rights. ESG metrics involve subjective determinations (materiality thresholds, methodology choices) with limited judicial precedent, creating litigation risk if tied to defaults. Limiting consequences to pricing eliminates this risk while maintaining incentive alignment.

Information Covenants and Reporting

Beyond standard financial reporting, banks increasingly request comprehensive ESG disclosure including annual greenhouse gas emissions inventories covering Scope 1, 2, and material Scope 3 emissions, portfolio-level ESG metrics including weighted average carbon intensity, controversy monitoring disclosures regarding portfolio company involvement in ESG-related litigation, and forward-looking updates on ESG strategy evolution.

Third-party verification requirements are becoming standard, with acceptable verifiers typically including Big Four accounting firms' sustainability assurance practices. Verification costs, typically ranging from $25,000 to $100,000 depending on scope, are generally borne by the family office. The Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials (PCAF), now adopted by financial institutions managing over $130 trillion in assets, provides the methodological framework most commonly required for emissions reporting.

Confidentiality protections warrant careful negotiation. Documentation should: distinguish between regulator sharing (acceptable with safeguards) versus affiliates or third parties (restricted), limit data use to credit evaluation and regulatory reporting only, prohibit third-party disclosure without consent, and ensure confidentiality survives facility termination indefinitely. Address portfolio company NDA conflicts through specific carve-outs and portfolio-level rather than position-specific disclosures.

Practical Strategies for Family Offices

Build a bankable ESG data room

Rather than adopting a reactive stance toward bank ESG requirements, family offices can respond to the evolving UAE framework and prudential landscape by embedding ESG systematically into governance, investment, and stakeholder engagement. Family offices should develop comprehensive reusable package: governance (roles, oversight, policies), investment, portfolio exposure mapping, controversy register and remediation, and where relevant, emissions baselines and transition narratives. This reduces friction across multiple banks and renewals

Use credible external anchors, selectively

Where helpful, align disclosures to recognised frameworks (e.g., ISSB-aligned climate disclosures) and choose assurance that matches materiality. In December 2025, the ISSB issued amendments to greenhouse gas emissions disclosure requirements in IFRS S2 to support implementation, highlighting the direction of travel towards more consistent emissions reporting¹⁴.

Relationship Diversification

Maintaining banking relationships across institutions with varying ESG sophistication levels provides strategic optionality. A tiered approach might include Tier 1 institutions with advanced ESG capabilities for sustainability-linked lending, Tier 2 regional or specialized banks offering sector expertise, and Tier 3 private banks emphasizing relationship banking over transactional ESG requirements.

Negotiation Focus Areas

When structuring ESG-linked credit facilities, family offices should focus negotiation efforts on KPI calibration to ensure targets reflect ambitious but achievable trajectories, cost allocation with banks sharing verification expenses, pricing asymmetry seeking larger rate decreases for ESG achievement, confidentiality protections safeguarding proprietary data, and adjustment mechanisms addressing baseline recalibration following portfolio changes.

Cross-Border Considerations

Family offices with global banking relationships navigate multiple regulatory regimes with divergent ESG requirements. The regulatory landscape is increasingly complex:

European Union: The Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR) affects how EU banks classify and serve clients. The EU Taxonomy provides the most prescriptive definition of "sustainable" activities globally, while the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) expands disclosure requirements. The ECB has been particularly aggressive, with its climate stress tests now integral to the Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process (SREP).

United Kingdom: The Financial Conduct Authority's ESG proposals include client categorization and enhanced disclosure obligations. The Bank of England's CBES results have informed supervisory expectations, with firm-specific findings feeding into ongoing prudential dialogue.

Singapore: The Monetary Authority of Singapore has positioned the city-state as ASEAN's largest market for green, social, sustainability and sustainability-linked bonds and loans, originating over S$48 billion in such instruments in 2024. MAS is rolling out IFRS Sustainability Disclosure Standards for SGX-listed issuers using a phased approach and has collaborated with China's central bank and the EU to publish a Multi-Jurisdiction Common Ground Taxonomy - a harmonised framework for identifying green activities across major economies.

United States: While federal regulatory development remains limited and subject to political uncertainty, major banks voluntarily adopt ESG standards comparable to international peers. California's SB 253 and SB 261 climate disclosure laws, affecting companies with over $1 billion in revenues doing business in the state, may establish de facto national standards.

The practical takeaway: centralise ESG data governance (definitions, controls, audit trail) so you can respond consistently to different bank questionnaires and reporting templates, while tailoring only what is jurisdiction-specific.

Beyond understanding regulatory divergence, family offices should consider strategic structuring. Booking entity selection carries real implications: EU facilities require more comprehensive ESG disclosure under SFDR and CSRD than UAE facilities, though the gap is narrowing. Singapore offers middle-ground sophistication while US requirements vary dramatically by state.

For complex structures, SPVs provide a legitimate tool for risk segmentation—holding transition-exposed assets in separate vehicles with tailored facility documentation limits disclosure scope while maintaining transparency about ultimate ownership. However, the critical requirement remains data governance consistency. Whether reporting to multiple banks across jurisdictions or structuring through multiple entities, the underlying ESG calculations, methodologies, and controls must remain identical. What varies legitimately is disclosure scope (which entities report, what detail level), not calculation integrity. Material inconsistencies between disclosures to different banks create legal exposure regardless of structuring rationale.

Conclusion: Strategic positioning for UAE‑linked family offices

UAE sustainable finance supervision has matured from principles to operational prudential expectations. The combination of climate risk management principles (2023), sustainability-related disclosure principles (2024) and the consolidation of the federal supervisory framework through Federal Decree-Law No. 6 of 2025 means ESG questions will increasingly appear as standard banking hygiene.

For family offices, strategic readiness means building the infrastructure early: comprehensive ESG data rooms, systematic exposure mapping, credible verification relationships, and facility language negotiated with precision rather than accepted as boilerplate.

Specific negotiation priorities matter - ensure ESG underperformance triggers pricing adjustments only, never acceleration or default. Lock KPI baselines at inception with clear adjustment mechanics. Secure confidentiality protections that distinguish regulatory sharing from broader distribution. Allocate verification costs appropriately. These details determine whether ESG provisions create manageable incentives or existential facility risks.

It will also be equally important to audit existing facilities now. Identify where ESG language may create unintended default exposure, collateral haircut vulnerabilities, or disclosure obligations that conflict with other confidentiality commitments. Upcoming renewals provide natural amendment opportunities - waiting until a facility matures reduces negotiating leverage and creates unnecessary urgency.

As the UAE Sustainable Finance Framework moves from policy into execution, and the Central Bank's ESG risk and prudential work permeates the broader financial ecosystem, family offices that integrate ESG early will be better placed to shape markets rather than merely comply. Treating ESG as a strategic lens for capital deployment—aligned with national sustainability objectives and emerging prudential standards—allows family offices to protect wealth, capture upside in the new economy, and anchor their legacy in a region that is positioning itself as a global sustainable finance hub.

Footnotes

1. Emirates Green Development Council, Central Bank of UAE, and UNEP FI, State of Green Finance in the UAE (January 2016): http://www.unepfi.org/fileadmin/documents/StateofGreenFinanceintheUAE.pdf

2. UAE Ministry of Climate Change and Environment (MOCCAE), UAE Sustainable Finance Framework 2021-2031 (2021), available at: https://moccae.gov.ae/assets/24b84d14/UAE_Sustainable_framework_21.pdf.aspx

3. UAE Sustainable Finance Working Group (SFWG) - Second Public Statement on Sustainable Finance (9 Nov 2022) (CBUAE PDF): https://www.centralbank.ae/media/amdbolcy/20221109-uae-regulators-and-exchanges-issue-second-public-statement-on-sustainable-finance-eng.pdf

4. SFWG/CBUAE - Principles for the Effective Management of Climate-related Financial Risks (launched 13 Nov 2023) (CBUAE PDF): https://www.centralbank.ae/media/t3ipeg0u/uae-sustainable-finance-working-group-launches-the-uae-principles-for-the-effective-management-of-climate-related-financial-risks-en.pdf

5. CBUAE Rulebook - Principles for Sustainability-Related Disclosures for Reporting Entities (effective 14 Jun 2024): https://rulebook.centralbank.ae/en/rulebook/principles-sustainability-related-disclosures

6. Federal Decree-Law No. (6) of 2025 regarding Central Bank regulation of financial institutions and activities and insurance business (UAE legislation portal): https://uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/legislations/3284

7. European Banking Authority - Final Guidelines on the management of ESG risks (Jan 2025): https://www.eba.europa.eu/activities/single-rulebook/regulatory-activities/sustainable-finance/guidelines-management-esg-risks

8. European Banking Authority - Guidelines on environmental scenario analysis (Final report, 5 Nov 2025): https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2025-11/170da4c8-9b56-4fb0-ad60-94d433b7e866/Guidelines%20on%20environmental%20scenario%20analysis.pdf

9. Ibid iii

10. Ibid iv

11. Ibid v

12. Global Loan Market Associations - 2025 updates to Sustainability-Linked Loan Principles and Green Loan Principles (LSTA, 27 Mar 2025): https://www.lsta.org/content/sustainability-linked-loan-principles-sllp/ and https://www.lsta.org/content/green-loan-principles/

13. IFC - Sustainability-Linked Loan of up to US$75m for Banco Finandina (3 Jul 2025): https://www.ifc.org/en/pressroom/2025/ifc-announces-sustainability-linked-loan-of-up-to-us-75-million-for-banco-finandin

14. ISSB/IFRS - IFRS S2 Amendments to Greenhouse Gas Emissions Disclosures (Dec 2025): https://www.ifrs.org/issued-standards/ifrs-sustainability-standards-navigator/ifrs-s2-climate-related-disclosures/

The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.