Steven Pettigrove, Luke Higgins and Emma Assaf of the Piper Alderman Blockchain Group bring you the latest legal, regulatory and project updates in Blockchain and Digital Law.
FATF calls for stronger AML action on virtual assets
On 26 June 2025, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) released its sixth update on how countries are applying anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing (AML/CTF) rules to virtual assets (VAs) and virtual asset service providers (VASPs).
The update shows that many jurisdictions, especially those with large crypto sectors, have made progress over the past year. More countries now have laws in place that reflect FATF's Recommendation 15 and its 2019 Interpretative Note, which sets out how AML/CTF rules should apply to the crypto sector. Some countries are also taking more action on supervision and enforcement.
However, FATF says there is still important work to do. Licensing and registration of VASPs remains inconsistent, and many jurisdictions continue to face difficulties identifying the individuals and companies that are behind VASP activities. Offshore VASPs also remain a challenge, especially for risk management purposes.
FATF reports that 99 jurisdictions have either adopted or are in the process of adopting the "Travel Rule," which requires key information to be shared with cross-border crypto transfers. To help with this, FATF has also recently published new guidance with examples of good supervision practices.
The report also includes updated data from the top 20 largest jurisdictions in terms of their crypto-asset activity. FATF notes that getting full compliance from these countries (which make up around 98% of global crypto activity) would significantly reduce global risks in the sector. Several blockchain analytics firms, including Chainalysis, TRM Labs, Lukka, and Merkle Science, helped inform the report.
FATF additionally highlights some of the risks relating to the criminal abuse of crypto-assets. These include an increase in the use of stablecoins by nefarious actors. In particular, stablecoins have been used more often in activity linked to North Korea, terrorist financing, and drug trafficking. Interestingly, it appears that criminals are shifting away from other crypto-tokens to stablecoins for their illegal transactions.
FATF also refers to the widely reported heist by the North Korean regime, stealing $1.46 billion in crypto from the exchange ByBit. With only 3.8% of the stolen funds being recovered so far, this serves as an unfortunate but prime example of the need for robust international cooperation.
Finally, the report warns of the growing role of crypto-assets in scams and fraud. FATF notes that in 2024, there was an estimated USD $51 billion worth of fraud-related crypto activity. FATF stresses the need for both governments and private companies to respond to these threats, particularly as scams become more sophisticated.
Blockchain technology offers useful tools for transparency, but there must be consistent global rules to keep the system secure. This rules should nevertheless be fit for purpose for digital assets, focusing on the specific risk vectors and considering how new technologies can more efficiently help reduce illicit finance. The latest FATF update is a reminder that these threats continue to evolve and that regulators will need to remain agile in targeting the harms caused by financial crime. Australia is currently taking steps to implement its own VASP framework which is expected to come into force in March 2026.
The FATF update can be accessed here.
Et voila! Robinhood to tokenise Stocks and ETFs in EU
At the Ethereum Community Conference in Cannes, France, Robinhood announced the launch of over 200 tokenised stocks and ETFs including private companies such as SpaceX and OpenAI for customers in the European Union. These tokenised equities aim to offer 24/5 trading access, dividend support and zero commissions or added spreads from Robinhood (though other fees may apply). Initially issued on Arbitrum, the tokens are expected to migrate to Robinhood's own Layer 2 blockchain currently under development.
In addition to tokenised equities, Robinhood introduced several new offerings including crypto perpetual futures for EU customers and crypto staking for US users, starting with Ethereum and Solana. Other features include deposit bonuses, a crypto rewards credit card, an AI-powered investment assistant, smart exchange routing, tax lot tracking and advanced trading charts.
A Robinhood spokesperson stated that "[t]hese tokens give retail investors indirect exposure to private markets, opening up access, and are enabled by Robinhood's ownership stake in a special purpose vehicle". However, in a post on X, OpenAI stated that it is not a partner, was not involved in and does not endorse the OpenAI tokens:
Last month, Kraken launched its own tokenised stock offering for select jurisdictions called xStocks. FTX and Binance have pioneered similar offerings in the past.
The tokenisation of stocks raises a number of regulatory and consumer protection considerations. Tokenised stocks are likely to be treated as derivatives under Australian law, may not track the underlying stock price and will not generally have the same voting or dividend rights. The owner of a tokenised stock will generally have no claim on the underlying asset and may be subject to redemption restrictions such as KYC and fees.
In the case of xStocks, it appears only select users who complete KYC with Kraken can mint and redeem tokenised equities. The tokens are issued by a special purpose vehicle (SPV) based in Jersey and offered under a digital asset license in Bermuda. Kraken itself does not custody the underlying stocks. Token holders receive a legal right to redeem the token for its cash value but no ownership rights of the underlying stock, voting or dividend rights. Redemption and withdrawal fees may also impact their attractiveness as an investment instrument.
The issuer can only buy or sell the underlying stock during normal market hours, but tokenised stocks trade 24/7. According to one commentator, this could create pricing dislocations outside of market hours (particularly on weekends) when market makers are unable to hedge their positions. To manage the risk, they may widen spreads significantly or withdraw liquidity entirely. This could expose traders who buy during low-liquidity periods to sharp losses if the equity market opens lower and the token price rapidly re-aligns with the off-chain price. These risks are compounded by regulatory uncertainty and restrictions, particularly for US traders, as shown by Binance's decision to discontinue its stock tokens.
For the time being, Robinhood does not allow its users to self-custody their tokenised stocks, trade or collateralise them in DeFi. Kraken does allow self-custody which means that these instruments could start to be used in DeFi across a range of applications. Robinhood plans to launch on Arbitrum and move to its own layer 2 blockchain partly to reduce the gas fees incurred by traders.
Although the goal of tokenised stocks is to expand access and allow anyone to participate in the digital economy, some argue that they only appeal to crypto-native traders and are poorly suited to a sophisticated, global equities market. And while tokenised stocks offer benefits such as 24/7 trading, enhanced market access, fractional ownership and faster settlement, they face regulatory and structural limitations that must be addressed to fully realise their potential. Robinhood's announcement is nevertheless an early bet on the future tokenisation of financial markets, and gives an insight in the global, composable nature of those markets and the potential consumer and systemic risks of that future.
Hong Kong takes LEAP in race for digital asset leadership
On 26 June 2025, the Hong Kong Government released a second Policy Statement on digital assets (DA) building on their initial statement of October 2022. The statement introduces the "LEAP" framework: Legal and regulatory streamlining, Expanding the suite of tokenised products, Advancing use cases and cross-sectoral collaboration and People and partnership development. According to the Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury, Mr Christopher Hui, LEAP aims to create "a trusted, sustainable and deeply integrated DA ecosystem embedded within the real economy".
Legal and regulatory streamlining
The Government intends to establish a unified regulatory framework covering DA exchanges, stablecoin issuers and DA dealing and custodian service providers. The Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) will be the lead authority for licensing and registration of DA dealing and custodian service providers, while the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) will regulate banks and their DA-related activities.
The Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau (FSTB) and the HKMA will conduct a legal review to facilitate the tokenisation of real-world assets (RWAs) and financial instruments, covering areas such as settlement, registration and record-keeping. The statement also affirmed that Hong Kong would implement international standards including IOSCO's policy recommendations, the Financial Stability Board's crypto-asset framework, the OECD's Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework and the Basel Committee's prudential treatment of crypto-asset exposures.
Expanding the suite of tokenised products
The Government plans to 'regularise' the issuance of tokenised Government bonds, building on its earlier green bond pilot issuances. This includes exploring different currencies, tenors and innovative features to provide a consistent supply of high-quality digital bonds.
Under the HKMA and SFC's Project Ensemble, the Government aims to promote use cases including the tokenisation of money market funds and revenue streams from assets such as electric vehicle charging stations. It also plans to expand tokenisation efforts across sectors like precious metals, non-ferrous metals and renewable energy.
The Government has proposed extending profits tax concessions currently available to privately offered funds and family-owned investment holding vehicles to include specified DA transactions with changes expected to take effect from 2025/26 (subject to legislative approval).
Advancing use cases and cross-sectoral collaboration
A new licensing regime for stablecoin issuers will come into effect on 1 August 2025. The Government has invited proposals on how they can test usage of licensed stablecoins. Cyberport, Hong Kong's digital technology incubator, will also launch a funding scheme to support blockchain and DA projects with a focus on high-impact applications that can serve as benchmarks for future use cases.
People and partnership development
The Government aims to position Hong Kong as a global centre of excellence for DA knowledge-sharing and international cooperation. It will work with industry and academics to build a talent pool of entrepreneurs, researchers and technologists as well as conducting joint research initiatives and training programs.
Speaking at the Wealth Management Expo on 21 June 2025, the Financial Secretary, Mr Paul Chan, cited 'financial innovation' as a key reason Hong Kong is positioned to become the world's leading cross-border asset management centre within two to three years. He noted that ten virtual-asset trading-platform licences have already been granted and a further eight applications are under review, while the stablecoin framework coming into force on 1 August makes Hong Kong one of the first jurisdictions with statutory regulation of stablecoins.
The Policy Statement marks a step forward for Hong Kong in the race to lead digital asset innovation and shape the future of digital markets. Alongside the announcement, the FTSB and SEC has released a consultation on its proposed regulations for DA OTC transactions and custody. More broadly, these developments reflect a global consensus on the need for oversight and regulation for DAs as they become increasingly mainstream in the financial system.
The full policy statement can be accessed here.
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