Last week, the CFPB held a field hearing on payday lending issues.
The purpose of the hearing was to release the CFPB's latest
report on payday lending and hold a forum to discuss the
report's findings as well as payday lending generally.
This alert discusses the report as well as the field hearing.
CFPB Payday Report
The report, "CFPB Data Point: Payday Lenders," was
published by the Bureau's Office of Research and written by
Kathleen Burke, Jonathan Lanning, Jesse Leary, and Jialan
Wang. (The press release announcing the report is also
available.) The data for the report was gathered from the
Bureau's examination of storefront lenders.
The report is divided into two major parts: (i) loan sequences; and
(ii) annual loan usage. The key findings are:
- Rollovers. Over 80 percent of payday loans are rolled over or followed by another loan within 14 days (renewed).
- Sequences. Fifteen percent of new loans are followed by a loan sequence at least 10 loans long. Half of all loans are in a sequence at least 10 loans long.
- Amortizing Loans. Few borrowers amortize their loans. Loan size is more likely to go up in longer loan sequences.
- Monthly Payments. Monthly borrowers are likely government benefit recipients and likely to stay in debt for 11 months or longer.
- Renewals. Most borrowing involves multiple renewals rather than distinct borrowing episodes.
Loan Sequences
For purposes of this report, a loan sequence is defined as a
series of loans taken out within 14 days of repayment of a prior
loan.
- 82 percent of loans are renewed within 14 days.
- 36 percent of new sequences end with the initial loan being repaid.
- 4 percent of new sequences result in a borrower defaulting on the first loan.
- More than half of new sequences do not go past a single renewal.
- 22 percent of sequences extend for seven or more loans.
- 15 percent of sequences extend for 10 or more loans.
- Borrowers do not self-amortize their payday loans.
Annual Loan Usage
- Relatively few borrowers have multiple periods of borrowing separated by periods without borrowing within a given year.
- The median number of loans per 11 months is six.
- 64 percent of new borrowers renew their loans; 20 percent of new borrowers default; 15 percent of new borrowers repay.
- Differences in the number of loans taken primarily are driven by the length of the sequences not the number of sequences.
The report does not draw any conclusions from this data or
provide recommendations for a regulatory approach.
Nevertheless, it is clear that the Bureau continues to focus on the
issue of "sustained use" of small dollar product and the
industry should anticipate that any regulations issued by the
Bureau will focus on that concept.
Nashville Field Hearing
On March 25, 2014, the Bureau held a field hearing on payday
lending in Nashville, Tennessee. As is typical, the hearing
was divided into three parts: (i) welcoming remarks; (ii) panel
presentation; and (iii) audience participation. What
wasn't typical was the outpouring of support for the lenders
that were the focus of the hearing.
Welcoming Remarks
Cheryl Parker Rose introduced CFPB Director Richard Cordray and Tennessee
Attorney General, Robert E. Cooper, Jr., who made the welcoming
remarks.
Attorney General Cooper recalled his time of service with Director
Cordray when he was the Attorney General of Ohio, and noted
Cordray's accomplishments, including an $11 million default
judgment against a military lender. Cooper noted that he
believes consumers should receive the information they need to shop
for credit, that prices should be upfront and clear, the risks
should be visible, and there should be no fine print.
Cordray followed Attorney General Cooper and announced the release
of the CFPB's report. He noted that consumers continue to
need reliable lending channels that meet their short-term need for
credit. At present, over 12 million consumers use payday
loans. However, Cordray is concerned that the study indicates
that consumers are not using the product to respond to emergency
situations. Accordingly, Cordray stated that the goal of the
Bureau is to preserve access to credit, but eliminate sequential or
sustained use by customers.
Panelists
The panelists, identified below, provided an array of perspectives
on payday lending; however, most were supportive of retaining the
product in one form or another. Corey Stone, Cheryl Parker
Rose, Richard Cordray, and David Silberman from the Consumer
Financial Protection Bureau sat on stage with the panelists, but
they did not present at the hearing.
- Paige Skiba – Vanderbilt Law School. Dr. Skiba is an economist, who has dedicated her research to payday loans. The results of her findings are mixed because the loans help some but are "devastating" to others. Dr. Skiba noted that what is absent from the conversation is an analysis of how consumers end up at the shop in the first place and how to prevent consumers from getting into a situation of needing the loans. Although Dr. Skiba did not recommend a particular solution, she cautioned against banning the product altogether.
- Stephen Reeves – Cooperative Baptist. Mr. Reeves provided insight from the "faith" perspective. He noted that churches are on the front lines of assisting consumers with financial stability and he found that stories of abuses by payday lenders were more common than unusual.
- Oneshia Herring – Center for Responsible Lending. Ms Herring believes that payday lending is predatory for three reasons. First, the loans have a triple-digit interest rate. Second, they are designed to create a long-term cycle of debt because a "good" customer is one who reborrows. And third, payday lenders avoid analyzing whether the consumer has an ability to repay, rather they look only at their ability to collect. She urged the CFPB to limit the terms that payday lenders can offer (because they cannot limit usury) to provide consumers with financial stability.
- Jamie Fulmer – Advance America. Mr. Fulmer provided the audience with insight into consumer experiences with their products, which are a mix of payday and installment. Mr. Fulmer noted that consumers are "overwhelmingly satisfied" and that few consumers file complaints with state or federal agencies. He noted that in 2013, 200 complaints on 11 million transactions were filed, and some of those were fraud. Mr. Fulmer warned that historically the focus has been on restrictions on lenders; however, regulators need to switch focus to consumer need and avoid rules that ignore how consumers act in the real world.
- D. Lynn DeVault – Check Into Cash. Ms DeVault works for a small lender based in Cleveland, TN. They have 1,000 stores in 30 states and they worked closely with CFSA to create the association's Best Practices. Her overarching message is that a one-size-fits-all solution will not be the best result for consumers and that the Bureau needs to retain regulatory flexibility to allow for innovative financial solutions.
- Pamela Banks – Consumers Union. Ms. Banks works with activists to pass consumer protection laws to provide for a fair, just marketplace. Her goal is to empower consumers to protect themselves. She has taken a strong stance against deposit advance products and supports guidance from the CFPB for ability-to-repay tests and limiting the number of loans taken.
Also present in the audience from the CFPB (but did not speak)
were Holly Petraeus and Laura Udis.
Audience Participation
Although the CFPB heard from a number of attendees, one of the
important messages sent to the Bureau was the unspoken
message. Filling the audience were large stickers that read
"Our Credit/Our Choice." For every commenter who
spoke up against the product, at least two consumers advocated for
it. A few examples:
- Alisha Brown has worked for a payday lender for twelve years and noted that for every "horror story" that we hear, she has seen "a dozen more success stories."
- Jessica Parker, a single mother with two kids, needed money for rent and everyone else told her "no" – except for her payday lender.
- Gary McNabb is the CEO of small payday lender in rural Tennessee. On his way to the hearing he called four banks. Their minimum loan amount was between $1,000 - $5,000 and they would not do smaller loans because they cannot make money on smaller dollar loans.
What Is Next?
Following the hearing, CFPB staff confirmed that the next step
in their rulemaking process is to convene a SBREFA panel. That panel will discuss a
number of issues that will be the topic of a rulemaking.
After the panel is created, the Bureau will issue a proposed
rulemaking.
If you would like to participate in or learn more about the SBREFA
panel, please contact a
Venable CFPB Taskforce attorney.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.