Switzerland: DINKs – Gefangen Im Ehe- Und Erbrecht?
Last Updated: 6 September 2012
Article by Michael Cadisch

Unter DINKs – der Begriff steht für "Double Income No Kids" – wird eine Lebens- und Familienform ausserhalb der Kernfamilie verstanden, die vom frühen Gesetzgeber nicht in allen Belangen berücksichtigt worden ist. Daraus ergeben sich Probleme, da das Ehe- und Erbrecht nicht entsprechend flexible Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten für solche Paare vorsieht.

Bei den DINKs ist zu unterscheiden zwischen Ehepaaren, die freiwillig oder ungewollt kinderlos geblieben sind, und Partnerschaftsformen wie dem Konkubinat oder der registrierten Lebensgemeinschaft, auf welche das Eherecht keine Anwendung findet. Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit der ersten Form von DINKs.

Wie es der Begriff vermuten lässt, erwirtschaften DINKs ein doppeltes Einkommen, das sie grundsätzlich ausschliesslich für ihren eigenen Konsum einsetzen können. Nebst der gestiegenen Konsummöglichkeit ermöglicht das Doppelverdienerdasein DINKs unter Umständen ein beträchtliches Vermögen zu bilden. Bei der professionellen Betreuung derartiger Vermögen fällt auf, dass das Ehe- und Erbrecht geeigneten Planungsund Verwaltungsmassnahmen oft zu enge Grenzen setzt.

Im Einzelfall und ausgehend von den wirtschaftlichen und persönlichen Interessen der Ehegatten sind die ehe- und erbrechtlichen Planungsmöglichkeiten zu ermitteln. Eheverträge ermöglichen es, von der gesetzlichen Regelung der ehelichen Vermögen abzuweichen. Beispielsweise können Ehegatten den gesetzlichen Güterstand der Errungenschaftsbeteiligung abändern oder durch einen anderen Güterstand ersetzen und so den überlebenden Ehegatten gegenüber anderen Erben begünstigen. DINKs wählen in diesem Zusammenhang oft die Gütergemeinschaft.

Die reine Form der Gütergemeinschaft bedeutet, dass das gesamte Vermögen und Einkommen den Ehegatten ungeteilt gehört und sie darüber nur gemeinsam verfügen können. Bestimmte Vermögensgegenstände können von der Gemeinschaft ausgeschlossen werden. Wenn ein Ehegatte stirbt, steht dem überlebenden Teil die Hälfte des Gesamtgutes zu. Die Gütergemeinschaft eignet sich gut für kinderlose Ehepaare. Sie können damit das Gesamtgut im Falle des Todes eines Ehegatten güterrechtlich dem überlebenden Teil zuweisen und die Eltern des Verstorbenen von der Erbfolge ausschliessen. Bei kinderlosen Ehen erhält der überlebende Ehegatte von Gesetzes wegen 75% des Nachlasses des verstorbenen Ehegatten. Der Rest geht an die Eltern des Verstorbenen oder wenn diese nicht mehr leben, an seine Geschwister. Die Freiheit, über das eigene Vermögen zu verfügen, ist durch das Pflichtteilsrecht beschränkt. Überleben bei einem kinderlosen Ehepaar die Eltern den Erblasser, ist ihnen eine garantierte Erbportion zuzuweisen (die Geschwister sind nicht pflichtteilsgeschützt). Diese beträgt im Fall der Eltern je die Hälfte ihres gesetzlichen Erbanspruchs von 25%. Das kann bei grossen Nachlässen mit Immobilien und Geschäftsbetrieben und wenig Liquidität bedeuten, dass ein Teil der Nachlassgegenstände veräussert werden muss, damit der überlebende Ehegatte den Eltern des Verstorbenen deren Anteil am Nachlass ausrichten kann.

Zusätzlich zur ehevertraglichen Begünstigung kann der überlebende Ehegatte erbrechtlich dadurch begünstigt werden, dass man ihm die frei verfügbare Quote (Nachlass minus Pflichtteilsansprüche der übrigen Erben) oder die Nutzniessung am Nachlass zuweist. Eine alternative Möglichkeit besteht darin, Teilungsvorschriften zu erlassen, mit welchen bestimmte Gegenstände des Nachlasses einem Erben auf Anrechnung an dessen Erbteil zugewiesen werden. Patenkinder von kinderlosen Ehepaaren können dadurch begünstigt werden, dass ihnen Vermächtnisse ausgerichtet werden, ohne dass ihnen Erbenstellung zukommt. Zu erwähnen ist, dass die Einsetzung des überlebenden Ehegatten zum Alleinerben nur durch einen notariell zu beurkundenden Erbverzicht der pflichtteilsgeschützten Eltern zu erreichen ist.

Insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit der Geschäftsnachfolge bei DINKs sind nebst den ehe- und erbvertraglichen sowie den versicherungsrechtlichen Nachfolgeregelungen die gesellschaftsrechtlichen Möglichkeiten zu berücksichtigen. Diese erlauben die Regelung der Nachfolge in geeigneter und auf die konkrete Situation abgestimmter Art. Zu denken ist dabei an die Gründung einer Aktiengesellschaft mit Aktienvinkulierung, die Schaffung von Stimmrechtsaktien oder den Abschluss von Aktionärsbindungsverträgen.

Für die Vermögens-, Erb- und Nachfolgeplanung eignen sich auch Stiftungen. Trotz der in der Schweiz weiterhin eingeschränkten Möglichkeit, Stiftungsmittel direkt für Bedürfnisse der eigenen Familie auszurichten, erfreuen sich Stiftungen einer zunehmenden Bedeutung. Insbesondere die Errichtung von gemeinnützigen Stiftungen liegt im Trend. Ein in mancher Hinsicht flexibleres Planungsinstrument stellt der angelsächsische Trust dar. Trusts werden eingesetzt, um einen reibungslosen Vermögensübergang auf spätere Generationen mit einem wohl durchdachten Plan und einem Minimum an Formalitäten und Publizität zu ermöglichen. Die Errichtung von solchen Strukturen bedarf einer sorgfältigen (steuerlichen) Planung.

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