A U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office of Inspector General (OIG) report issued on August 14 concludes that nearly two-thirds of the more than 1,300 critical access hospitals (CAHs) in the United States would not meet the CAH "location requirements" if required to re-enroll in Medicare. These location requirements, which are part of the CAH conditions of participation (COPs), require CAHs to be: (1) more than a 35-mile drive from a hospital or another CAH or located more than a 15-mile drive from a hospital or CAH in an area of mountainous terrain or areas where only secondary roads are available (distance requirement); and (2) located in a rural area or in areas that are treated as rural (rural requirement). The OIG report analyzes how many CAHs would not meet the location requirements if required to re-enroll, and then calculates potential savings to Medicare and beneficiaries if CMS decertified those CAHs.
The CAH certification was created by the Balanced Budget Act in 1997 to improve access to healthcare for Medicare beneficiaries in rural areas. Unlike other hospitals, which are paid based on the inpatient and outpatient prospective payment systems, Medicare reimburses CAHs at 101% of their reasonable inpatient and outpatient costs. This reimbursement methodology typically results in higher payments to CAHs (as well as higher deductibles and coinsurance for Medicare beneficiaries). In 2011, Medicare and beneficiaries paid approximately $8.5 billion for care provided by CAHs to 2.3 million Medicare beneficiaries.
The OIG report concludes that 849 of the 1,329 CAHs would not meet the CAH location requirements if required to re-enroll in Medicare. Of these 849 CAHs, the vast majority (846) would fail due to lack of compliance with the distance requirement. Given the large number of CAHs that would not meet the location requirements if required to re-enroll, OIG indicates that substantial savings could be realized if these CAHs were decertified. Specially, OIG estimates that if CMS decertified half of the CAHs that did not meet the location requirements in 2011, Medicare would have saved approximately $373 million and beneficiaries would have saved an estimated $200 million in coinsurance.
However, many of the current CAHs are exempt from meeting the distance requirement. Prior to 2006, states could designate hospitals that did not meet the distance requirement as "necessary provider" (NP) CAHs. The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act prohibited states from designating new NP CAHs on or after January 1, 2006, but permanently exempts existing NP CAHs from the distance requirement, provided that they continue to meet all other CAH requirements and do not relocate.
The OIG report notes that approximately 75% of existing CAHs are NP CAHs. OIG further found that 751 of the 849 CAHs that would not meet the CAH location requirements if required to re-enroll are NP CAHs.
As a result of its findings, OIG recommends in its report that CMS: (1) seek legislative authority to remove NP CAHs' permanent exemption from the distance requirement; (2) seek legislative authority to revise the CAH COPs to include alternative location-related requirements; (3) ensure that it periodically reassess CAHs for compliance with all location-related requirements; and (4) ensure that it applies its uniform definition of "mountainous terrain" to all CAHs. CMS concurred with all recommendations other than number two, which it viewed as duplicative and overly burdensome to implement.
Previously published by American Health Lawyers Association, Washington, DC.
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