Key Points
- On 28 September 2015, in response to the High Court of Australia's judgment in ICAC v Cunneen [2015] HCA 14 ("Cunneen") and recommendations in the Independent Panel – Review of the Jurisdiction of the Independent Commission Against Corruption Report ("Panel's Report"), the State of New South Wales enacted the Independent Commission Against Corruption Amendment Act 2015 (NSW) ("Amendment Act").
- The Independent Commission Against Corruption's ("ICAC") jurisdiction in relation to the conduct of those who are not public officials has been broadened from the position in which it was left following Cunneen, but not to the extent of ICAC's previous understanding of its jurisdiction.
- There are now two limbs in s 8 of the Independent Commission Against Corruption Act 1998 (NSW) ("ICAC Act") under which persons who are not public officials can be subject to ICAC's jurisdiction.
- The interpretation given to s 8(2) of the ICAC Act in Cunneen still stands. Therefore conduct that adversely affects or that could adversely affect the probity of the exercise of an official function by a public official may be investigated under s 8(2) of the ICAC Act, provided the other conditions are met.
- In addition to s 8(2), ICAC can investigate the conduct of those who are not public officials under s 8(2A) in relation to enumerated actions such as collusive tendering, fraud in relation to applications for certain licences and permits, dishonestly obtaining or benefiting from the payment or application of public funds, defrauding the public revenue or fraudulently obtaining or retaining employment as a public official.
- Although ICAC's jurisdiction to investigate those who are not public officials has been broadened from the position in which it was left in following Cunneen, s 74BA has been inserted into the ICAC Act to provide that ICAC's power to make findings or give opinions of corrupt conduct in relation to all persons has been limited to only cases where the conduct is serious corrupt conduct.
Background
In April 2015, the High Court handed down the decision of
Cunneen in which it held that the definition of
"corrupt conduct" in the ICAC Act is narrower than ICAC
had previously understood.[1] The High Court was tasked
with attributing meaning to the phrase "adversely
affects" in the meaning of s 8 of the ICAC Act, which provides
the general nature of corrupt conduct. The High Court found that
ICAC could investigate only the conduct of those who are not public
officials if their conduct could adversely affect the probity, as
opposed to the efficacy, of the exercise of the official functions
of a public official. This effectively narrowed the scope of
ICAC's investigative jurisdiction.
In May 2015, the New South Wales Government appointed an
independent panel of experts, consisting of former Chief Justice of
the High Court of Australia the Honourable Murray Gleeson AC QC as
Chair and Mr Bruce McClintock SC, to review the scope of ICAC's
jurisdiction in light of Cunneen. Specifically, the Panel
was tasked with reporting on the appropriate scope for ICAC's
jurisdiction, any legislative measures required to provide ICAC
with the appropriate powers to prevent, investigate and expose
serious corrupt conduct and/or systemic corrupt conduct involving,
or affecting, public authorities and/or public officials and
whether any limits or enhancements should be applied to the
exercise of ICAC's powers. The report was published on 30 July
2015. On 8 September 2015, the New South Wales Parliament
introduced the Independent Commission Against Corruption Bill
2015 ("Amendment Bill"), which further amended the
jurisdiction and powers of ICAC to incorporate all of the
recommendations in the Panel's report. The Amendment Bill was
assented on 28 September 2015 and commenced operation as an Act on
the same day.
The Panel's Report
The Panel focussed on the fact that ICAC does not deal with
corruption generally; rather, it was established to deal with
corruption that is connected to public administration. The Panel
made the following recommendations, all of which were incorporated
into the Amendment Act:
- "Corrupt conduct" should include specified conduct of persons who are not public officials where that conduct impairs, or could impair, public confidence in public administration.
- ICAC's power to make findings of "corrupt conduct" should be limited to circumstances of serious corrupt conduct.
- ICAC's education, advisory and preventative functions should be able to be used for the purpose of promoting the integrity and good repute of public administration.
- ICAC should be given jurisdiction to investigate possible criminal offences under electoral and lobbying laws.
Changes to the Meaning of "Corrupt Conduct"
The Panel reviewed the subject matter of ICAC's public
inquiries in which findings of corrupt conduct were made between
December 1990 and 3 June 2015 (a total number of 125 reports). The
Panel found that out of the 125 reports, ICAC would have lacked
jurisdiction to investigate only four of them based on
Cunneen. The Panel noted the obscurity of s 8(2), however,
and recommended that as the meaning of the section has been
interpreted authoritatively in Cunneen, Parliament should
not make any attempt to amend it or to use it as a basis for
extending the meaning of corrupt conduct in s 8(2). As such, the
meaning attributed to s 8(2) by the High Court in Cunneen
still stands.
The Panel accepted that following Cunneen, some matters
have been left beyond the scope of corrupt conduct that should be
covered. Therefore, the Panel recommended taking a fresh
approach to identifying corrupt conduct where that conduct does not
involve any wrongdoing on the part of the public official. The
Panel recommended inserting an additional limb, s 8(2A), into the
definition of "corrupt conduct" in the ICAC Act. The
additional limb will enable ICAC to investigate the conduct of
persons, regardless of whether they are public officials, if that
conduct impairs, or could impair, public confidence in public
administration where that conduct could involve any of the matters
listed in (a) to (e) of s 8(2A). The Panel considered such an
addition adequate to indicate that "the confidence referred to
is not confined to faith in the probity of individual pubic
officials". The amendment applies retrospectively to conduct
that occurred before the commencement of s 8(2A).
The Panel adopted the dissenting views of Gageler J in
Cunneen who noted that pursuant to the meaning attributed
to "corrupt conduct" by the majority of the High Court in
Cunneen, conduct such as State-wide endemic collusion
among tenderers for government contracts and serious and systemic
fraud in applications of licences, permits or clearances under
statutes designed to protect health or safety or to facilitate the
management and commercial exploitation of resources would fall
outside the ambit of what is considered to be corrupt
conduct.[2] The Panel considered the examples provided
by Gageler J to be cases of "serious fraud, for private gain,
practiced upon public administration, which have the potential to
undermine its capacity to serve or protect the public
interest", which the Panel considered should be within the
scope of corrupt conduct.
The amended s 8 now reads as follows:
8 General nature of corrupt conduct
(1) Corrupt conduct is:
a) any conduct of any person (whether or not a public official) that adversely affects, or that could adversely affect, either directly or indirectly, the honest or impartial exercise of official functions by any public official, any group or body of public officials or any public authority, or
b) any conduct of a public official that constitutes or involves the dishonest or partial exercise of any of his or her official functions, or
c) any conduct of a public official or former public official that constitutes or involves a breach of public trust, or
d) any conduct of a public official or former public official that involves the misuse of information or material that he or she has acquired in the course of his or her official functions, whether or not for his or her benefit or for the benefit of any other person.
(2) Corrupt conduct is also any conduct of any person
(whether or not a public official) that adversely affects, or that
could adversely affect, either directly or indirectly, the exercise
of official functions by any public official, any group or body of
public officials or any public authority and which could involve
any of the following matters:
a) official misconduct (including breach of trust, fraud in office, nonfeasance, misfeasance, malfeasance, oppression, extortion or imposition),
b) bribery,
c) blackmail,
d) obtaining or offering secret commissions,
e) fraud,
f) theft,
g) perverting the course of justice,
h) embezzlement,
i) election bribery,
j) election funding offences,
k) election fraud,
l) treating,
m) tax evasion,
n) revenue evasion,
o) currency violations,
p) illegal drug dealings,
q) illegal gambling,
r) obtaining financial benefit by vice engaged in by others,
s) bankruptcy and company violations,
t) harbouring criminals,
u) forgery,
v) treason or other offences against the Sovereign,
w) homicide or violence,
x) matters of the same or a similar nature to any listed above,
y) any conspiracy or attempt in relation to any of the above.
(2A) Corrupt conduct is also any conduct of any person
(whether or not a public official) that impairs, or that could
impair, public confidence in public administration and which could
involve any of the following matters:
a) collusive tendering,
b) fraud in relation to applications for licences, permits or other authorities under legislation designed to protect health and safety or the environment or designed to facilitate the management and commercial exploitation of resources,
c) dishonestly obtaining or assisting in obtaining, or dishonestly benefiting from, the payment or application of public funds for private advantage or the disposition of public assets for private advantage,
d) defrauding the public revenue,
e) fraudulently obtaining or retaining employment or appointment as a public official.
(3) Conduct may amount to corrupt conduct under subsection (1),
(2) or (2A) even though it occurred before the commencement of that
subsection, and it does not matter that some or all of the effects
or other ingredients necessary to establish such corrupt conduct
occurred before that commencement and that any person or persons
involved are no longer public officials.
(4) Conduct committed by or in relation to a person who was not or
is not a public official may amount to corrupt conduct under this
section with respect to the exercise of his or her official
functions after becoming a public official. This subsection extends
to a person seeking to become a public official even if the person
fails to become a public official.
(5) Conduct may amount to corrupt conduct under this section even
though it occurred outside the State or outside Australia, and
matters listed in subsection (2) or (2A) refer to:
a) matters arising in the State or matters arising under the law of the State, or
b) matters arising outside the State or outside Australia or matters arising under the law of the Commonwealth or under any other law.
(6) The specific mention of a kind of conduct in a
provision of this section shall not be regarded as limiting or
expanding the scope of any other provision of this section.
Extension of "Corrupt Conduct" to Conduct of Those that Seek to Become a Public Official but Are Not Successful
Section 8(4) of the ICAC Act provides that conduct committed by, or in relation to, a person who was not or is not a public official may amount to corrupt conduct with respect to the exercise of their official functions after they become a public official. This subsection was amended to extend to persons who are seeking to become public officials even if they fail to become a public official. Therefore, if a candidate accepts an unlawful payment in return for a promise to do something once elected, the candidate will have engaged in "corrupt conduct" within the definition of the ICAC Act, regardless of whether he or she is elected or appointed as a public official.[3] This amendment operates retrospectively to conduct that occurred prior to the amendment.[4]
Serious Corrupt Conduct
Prior to the amendments, s 12A of the ICAC Act provided guidance
to ICAC to focus on serious and systemic corrupt conduct. These
guidelines do not operate as a limitation on ICAC's
jurisdiction or powers. The Panel considered that ICAC's powers
to conduct investigations or hold inquiries should not be subject
to limitation; however, it was of the view that as ICAC's power
to make findings of corrupt conduct has such obvious power to harm
individuals, it should be limited so that it can be exercised only
in circumstances where the misconduct has been serious. In
accordance with this recommendation, s 74BA(1) has been inserted
into the ICAC Act to provide that ICAC does not have the power to
include in a report a finding or opinion that conduct is corrupt
conduct unless it is serious corrupt conduct. Despite this, ICAC
may still include a finding or opinion about the conduct of a
person that may be corrupt conduct within the meaning of s 8 in a
report, as long as the statement as to the finding or opinion does
not describe the conduct as corrupt conduct. These amendments apply
only to reports made after the commencement of the Amendment Act
but extend to circumstances where the investigation was commenced
or undertaken prior to the commencement of the
section.[5]
Premier Mike Baird, in his Second Reading Speech for the Amendment
Bill, stated that, as the High Court noted in Cunneen, the
powers of ICAC are "extraordinary" and have the ability
to "abrogate fundamental rights and
privileges".[6] He explained that the Amendment
Bill seeks to find a balance between the importance of eliminating
corruption in New South Wales and ensuring that the powers to do so
are exercised within appropriate boundaries.[7] The
Panel considered it unnecessary to define the phrase "serious
corrupt conduct", rejecting the suggestion that seriousness
should be determined by reference to the penalty imposed for the
crime in question. The Panel stated that matters may change and
develop as the investigation develops; therefore, such matters may
seem more or less serious as the investigation continues. The Panel
provided that an issue will arise only where ICAC makes a finding
in a case of "doubtful seriousness" in which case a
person should have the right to argue that such a finding should
not have been made due to the lack of serious corrupt conduct
viewed objectively. "Serious" is defined in the Macquarie
Dictionary as, amongst other things, "weighty or
important". Presumably, this will prevent ICAC from making
findings of corrupt conduct in circumstances where the conduct in
question is objectively trivial.
ICAC's New Jurisdiction to Investigate Breaches of Electoral and Lobbying Laws
The Panel noted that as the Act does not address corruption
which is unconnected to public administration, some breaches of
electoral and lobbying laws are not covered by the definition of
"corrupt conduct" in s 8 and still would not be after the
commencement of s 8(2A). Therefore, the Panel also recommended that
ICAC be given a new jurisdiction to investigate breaches of
electoral and lobbying laws because they are central to the
democratic process and as such have a connection to public
administration that the Panel noted may warrant special treatment.
The Panel considered that the definition of "corrupt
conduct" should not be amended to reflect this. Instead, the
ICAC Act was amended, by the addition of s 13A, to give ICAC
jurisdiction to investigate conduct that the Electoral Commission
refers to ICAC for investigation that may involve possible criminal
offences under the Parliamentary Electorates and Elections Act
1912, the Election Funding, Expenditure and Disclosures
Act 1981 or the Lobbying of Government Officials Act
2011. The Electoral Commission may refer conduct to ICAC if
there are reasonable grounds to suspect that the conduct may
involve a possible criminal offence specified in s 13A(9), or if
the conduct is related to possible corrupt conduct that ICAC is
already investigating. This jurisdiction is not tied to the concept
of corrupt conduct and applies to possible criminal offences
referred to in s 13A(9) that may have been committed before the
commencement of the section.[8]
Footnotes
[1] See Jones Day Commentary, "
Jurisdiction of Australia's Independent Commission Against
Corruption Before and After Cunneen and
Duncan" for further background.
[2] See Cunneen per Gageler J at
[92].
[3] Premier Mike Baird, Second Reading Speech,
Independent Commission Against Corruption Amendment Bill
2015 (NSW) p 1.
[4] ICAC Act sch 4 s 37.
[5] ICAC Act sch 4 s 39.
[6] Premier Mike Baird, Second Reading Speech,
Independent Commission Against Corruption Amendment Bill
2015 (NSW) p 3.
[7] Premier Mike Baird, Second Reading Speech,
Independent Commission Against Corruption Amendment Bill
2015 (NSW) p 3.
[8] ICAC Act s 13A(4), sch 4 s 38(1).
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