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The Supreme Court has confirmed that the threshold for establishing nuisance remains high, and that factual causation will be difficult to establish when there are multiple factors contributing to an incident.

Outsourcing in India has traditionally been structured around commercial considerations such as operational flexibility, scalability, and cost efficiency, leading businesses across sectors to rely extensively on contract labour rather than direct employment on the principal employer’s payroll.

A recurring problem arises in white-collar crime prosecutions. A person may first receive notices or summons from the ED, CBI, SFIO, EOW or another investigating agency. At that stage, the agency is investigating. A person may be called to answer questions, produce documents or explain transactions during the investigation. He cooperates, appears whenever called, and is consciously not arrested.