Business Law and Corporate Law

The Charity Commission has issued new guidance requiring all grant-making charities in England and Wales to establish written agreements for every grant, regardless of size or risk level. While the guidance aims to support confident and responsible grant-making decisions during ongoing financial pressures in the sector, the mandatory written agreement requirement may create administrative burdens that could discourage smaller charitable donations.

The High Court has ruled that a buyer cannot aggregate the knowledge of different executives within a corporate seller to establish fraud in a warranty claim. While the court found a warranty breach and inadequate disclosure in the sale of Johnson Matthey's Health Business, the claim failed because no single executive possessed the complete knowledge necessary to prove dishonest conduct, leaving the buyer without remedy under the fraud-only gateway in the share purchase agreement.

AI hallucinations are not temporary glitches but fundamental features of how large language models operate, generating plausible yet false information through pattern prediction rather than fact retrieval. Despite widespread reliance on human oversight to catch these errors, confirmation bias and practical constraints make such review inadequate, raising critical questions about professional liability when AI-assisted work contains fabricated citations or data. As courts begin sanctioning professionals for