A recent CNBC report suggests that several billion dollars of estate tax due from the estates of foreign decedents on investments in U.S. stock and real estate goes uncollected by the IRS every year. The report noted a large discrepancy between the amount of foreign investment in these assets and the number of estate tax returns filed by foreign individuals reporting such assets. To avoid liability for unpaid taxes, U.S. banks, brokerages, and other custodians must obtain certification from the IRS that a foreign account holder has complied with U.S. tax laws before transferring the proceeds of the account at the account holder's death. However, according to the CNBC report, foreign banks have assisted their clients in keeping the IRS from learning about generational transfers of wealth through tactics such as holding stock in the financial institution's name, so that U.S. brokerages are not aware of the ultimate owners' identities. The report speculates that these techniques for avoiding detection by the IRS could be the next target in the IRS's efforts to combat offshore tax evasion.
Foreign individuals who own, among other things, U.S. stock or U.S. real estate — so-called "U.S. situs assets" — at their deaths are subject to U.S. estate tax on those assets. Unlike U.S. residents and citizens who are exempted from U.S. estate tax on over $5 million of assets ($5.43 million in 2015, and $5.45 million in 2016), foreign individuals are exempt from U.S. estate tax on only their first $60,000 of U.S. situs assets, unless they benefit from an estate tax treaty.
U.S. estate tax on these assets, however, can be legitimately avoided through prudent estate planning. Stock in a foreign corporation, unlike U.S. stock, is not considered a U.S. situs asset for estate tax purposes even if the corporation owns U.S. assets, and thus can serve as an effective estate tax blocker for U.S. situs assets owned by foreign individuals. Care must be taken to ensure that the corporation is respected for U.S. tax purposes and for income producing assets, the U.S. income tax consequences must be considered. Alternatively, if a foreign individual would like to transfer wealth to family members prior to his or her death, a trust may be a more suitable option and result in less income tax than a corporation. An added benefit of both structures is that they can avoid the cumbersome administrative and reporting requirements involved in transferring assets upon the death of the foreign owner.
This article is designed to give general information on the developments covered, not to serve as legal advice related to specific situations or as a legal opinion. Counsel should be consulted for legal advice.
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