The Biological Diversity Act (the BD Act) was enacted with the goal to provide for conservation of Biological Diversity, sustainable use of its components and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of biological resources. One of the provisions under the BD Act (section 6) relates to seeking prior permission from National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) before applying for any intellectual property right, if the invention is based on any research or information on a biological resource obtained from India. In the event of an intellectual property right (patent application) being filed without prior NBA permission, NBA permission may be obtained after the acceptance of the patent but before patent grant by the patent authority concerned.

It has been witnessed in a few recent Indian Patent Office (IPO) decisions that patent applications involving use of biological materials, not procured from India and sourced from commercial sources in countries like Switzerland, Spain, Japan and China, were rejected. In light of such IPO decisions, stakeholders at Mumbai and Delhi held meetings to put forward certain issues regularly faced by patent applicants regarding unwarranted objections raised by the IPO concerning requirement of permission from NBA and further delay in obtaining NBA approval.

In view of the submissions made by stakeholders, this issue has been considered by Indian Patent office and instructions/guidelines for NBA permission have been streamlined by way of the following:

S. No. Issue Modified procedure to be followed
1 Where the invention does not relate to a biological resource defined under the Biological Diversity Act 2002, such as:

(a)    Value-added   product

(b)       Bio- wastes

(c)        Synthetically prepared biological material

(a) Value Added Product:

Section 2 of Biological Diversity Act 2002 explicitly excludes value added products from the purview of "Biological resources".

As per Biological Diversity Act, 2002:

Section 2 (c): "biological resources" means plants, animals and micro-organisms or parts thereof, their genetic material and by-products (excluding value added products) with actual or potential use or value, but does not include human genetic material;

Section 2 (p): "value added products" means products which may contain portions or extracts of plants and animals in unrecognizable and physically inseparable form.

Examiners/Controllers shall verify from    the   disclosure in patent specification if the claimed invention resides in the biological resource or value-added product. If the invention resides in a value-added product, then they shall avoid

2 Where the biological resource/material used in invention is not obtained /sourced from India. Section 6 (1) of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 states,

"No person shall apply for any intellectual property right, by whatever name called, in or outside India for any invention based on any research or information on a biological resource obtained from India without

obtaining   the    previous   approval   of  the    National
Biodiversity Authority before making such application.

Provided that if a person applies for a patent, permission of the National Biodiversity Authority may be obtained after the acceptance of the patent but before the sealing of the patent by the patent authority concerned; and,

Provided further that the National Biodiversity Authority shall dispose of the application for permission made to it within a period of ninety days from the date of receipt thereof."

Thus, no    approval from   NBA   is  necessary when the invention is based on any research or information on a biological resource not obtained from India.Therefore, when an applicant makes unequivocal
declaration in application for patent (Form 1) that the
biological material used in the invention is neither
obtained from India nor sourced from India, then

Examiners/Controllers shall duly consider such
declaration before issuing FER and shall avoid raising an objection with respect to the requirements of NBA approval.

3. Marking of applications in the module regarding requirement of NBA approvals.
While examining the applications involving use of biological
resource, Examiners should mark these applications as
"NBA approval application" in the examination module
before sending the examination report to the Controller for
approval.
However, if the Controller is not satisfied with
requirement regarding NBA approval, he shall unmark the
application by giving reasons thereof.
4 Cases held up for grant
of patents only due to
non-submission of
NBA permission.
Where the applicant has complied with all the objections,
except submission of NBA approval, the Controller shall
mark the application in the examination module by remark
that "NBA approval pending, but in order for grant" and,
the System Administrator shall put a tag on such cases so
that these applications can be treated as if disposed of
the Controller.

IPO has further clearly stated that any false declaration on behalf of the applicant makes him liable for revocation of patent under section 64 (1) (j)/ 64(1) (p) of the Patents Act
1970 (as amended). Further, as per provisions in section 55(1) of Biological Diversity Act 2002, if the applicant contravenes or attempts to contravene or abets the contravention of the provision
of section 6 of the Biological Diversity Act 2002, he shall be liable for penal action under section 55(1) of the Act'.

With the streamlining of instructions/guidelines for NBA permission, the patent applicants can now effectively deal with the unwarranted objections raised by the IPO concerning the requirement of permission from NBA. Henceforth, the patent applicants can question the unjustifiable extension of applicability of Section 6 of the BD Act by IPO to reject patent applications even when the invention is not based on Indian biological resource and/or when the invention is one of a value-added product, bio-waste or a synthetically prepared biological material and hence, does not relate to a biological resource defined under the Biological Diversity Act 2002.

The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.