In Graham Construction and Engineering Inc v Alberta (Infrastructure),1 the Alberta Court of Queen's Bench clarified that claimants must meet the prescribed notice requirements in order to have a valid claim under the Public Works Act ("AB PWA").2
The AB PWA is designed to protect persons that provided labour, equipment, material or services to a "public work". A public work is a construction project commenced pursuant to a contract entered into with the Provincial Crown (i.e. the Provincial government) or an agent of the Crown.
On private projects, the Alberta Builders' Lien Act protects unpaid subcontractors and workers by granting a builders' lien on the land being improved. The Builders' Lien Act does not bind the Provincial Crown. The Legislature determined that it would be against public policy to allow unpaid subcontractors to enforce builders' liens against a public work. As an example, permitting enforcement of builders' liens against public works could result in a hospital being sold to repay the unpaid subcontractors. Because of this, the AB PWA replaces use of the Builders' Lien Act on public projects.
The AB PWA is a short statute that has infrequently been subject to judicial determination. In Graham Construction, the Court held that a claimant must comply with the notice of claim provisions3 described further below, to gain a priority right under the AB PWA.4 Merely filing an invoice is not sufficient to grant an upaid subcontractor a valid AB PWA claim.5 The Court held that a claimant cannot earn a second-ranking priority by "substantially" complying with the AB PWA.6
This bulletin provides a brief overview of the AB PWA and similar legislation in other Provinces that create statutory remedies for work performed on public projects.
Public Works Act (Alberta)
When a person or public project is legally obliged to but fails to pay any person that has provided work or materials "used or reasonably required for use" on the public work, then the unpaid person may file a notice of claim with the relevant Minister or government agent.7 This notice of claim must be mailed within 45 days after the last day the work or materials were provided.8 For work on a highway or road, the claim must be submitted after 30 days but before 90 days after the last day the work or materials were provided.9
After receipt of a claim, the Crown is required to give notice to the general contractor and its surety within 30 days. Then the Crown has broad discretion in how it responds to the claim:
- The Crown may either directly pay the claimant an amount that it considers proper and deduct such amount from amounts the Crown owes to the contractor with whom it has a contractual relationship;10 or
- The Crown may pay any amount it considers proper into Court.11 The Court then determines which claims will get paid out, in part or in full, from the amounts paid into Court.12
If there are insufficient funds payable to the contractor to cover the PWA claims, then the Crown may seek recovery from the contractor's surety. As confirmed in Graham Construction, a valid AB PWA claim grants a claimant priority to any monies payable under the same public works contract.13 This priority acts as a substitute for the builders' lien interest in an improvement on a private project.
Graham Construction
Background
The case arose through a new hospital being constructed in Grande Prairie, Alberta, for which Graham Construction was the initial general contractor. After Graham Construction terminated its contract in 2018, a multitude of contractors had claims for money owed. In turn, some of the contractors filed AB PWA notices of claims14 seeking payment by the Government of Alberta. The Crown paid more than $30 million into Court pursuant to the AB PWA as a result of these claims.
Some contractors did not use the form15 required by the AB PWA, including Graham Construction. Graham had merely provided regular invoices to Alberta Infrastructure, albeit within the AB PWA's time frame for a notice of claim.16 When Graham applied to distribute the funds being held in Court in 2019, including $3.5 million to Graham itself, other parties opposed the application based on non-compliance with the AB PWA. This argument was split off from the other settled claims that had already been paid out by consent,17 with roughly $8 million in claims outstanding. On appeal from Master Schlosser's decision, the central issue was "whether or not the Master erred in holding that there are two different classes of claimants as defined by the [AB PWA] - those who 'complied' and those who 'substantially complied' with the notice requirements under s 14."18
Takeaways
In short, and as with builders' liens, partial compliance is non-compliance. Only those who comply with the AB PWA obtain a priority and can access funds paid into Court.19 The key takeaways from Graham Construction are:
- Sections 14 and 15 must be followed by a party claiming recourse under the AB PWA20
- Section 14(3)(b)'s notice in a "form satisfactory to the Crown" means the procedure under the AB PWA, including the Government's standard form notice of claim,21 and not a mere invoice22
- A party which fails to comply with the AB PWA still has its contractual rights as against the party that failed to pay, albeit without the AB PWA claim priority,23 however, pursuing these remedies may not be practical if the non-paying person is insolvent
- The Court retains no "overarching discretion under section 15(4)" to determine proper claimants24
Comparable Legislation
Province/Territory | Legislation | Binds Crown? | Options for Recourse by an Owed Subcontractor |
British Columbia | Builders Lien Act, SBC 1997, c 45 | Partially25 | |
Saskatchewan | The Builders' Lien Act, SS 1984-85-86, c B-7.1, as amended by The Builders' Lien (Prompt Payment) Amendment Act, 2019, SS 2019, c 228 | Yes29 |
|
Manitoba | The Public Works Act, RSM 1987, c P300 | No31 | |
Ontario | Construction Act, RSO 1990, c C.30 | Yes34 | |
Québec | Pilot project to facilitate payment to enterprises that are parties to public construction work contracts and related public subcontracts, CQLR C-65.1, r 8.01 (pursuant to Act respecting contracting by public bodies, CQLR c C-65.1, s 24.3) | Yes37 | |
Nova Scotia | Builders' Lien Act, RSNS 1989, c 277, as amended by An Act to Amend Chapter 277 of the Revised Statutes, 1989, the Builders' Lien Act, SNS 2019, c 1240 | Yes41 |
|
New Brunswick | Crown Construction Contracts Act, RSNB 2014, c 105 | Yes43 | |
Prince Edward Island | Mechanics' Lien Act, RSPEI 1988, c M-4 | Yes46 | |
Newfoundland and Labrador | Mechanics' Lien Act, RSNL 1990, c M-3 | No50 | Other common law remedies |
Yukon | Builders Lien Act, RSY 2002, c 18 | No51 | Other common law remedies |
Northwest Territories | Mechanics Lien Act, RSNWT 1988, c M-7 | No52 | Other common law remedies |
Nunavut | Mechanics Lien Act, RSNu 1988, c M-7 | No53 | Other common law remedies |
Conclusion
McMillan's National Construction Group has significant experience with public construction projects and would be pleased to assist you with navigating the provincial regimes.
Footnotes
1 Graham
Construction and Engineering Inc v Alberta (Infrastructure),
2021 ABQB 184 Graham Construction 2021.
2 Public Works Act, RSA
2000, c P-46 AB PWA.
3 AB PWA, supra note 2, s 14(3).
4 Graham Construction
2021, supra note 1
at para 66.
5 Graham Construction
2021, supra note 1
at paras 45, 66.
6 Graham Construction
2021, supra note 1
at paras 44, 66 (reversing Master Schlosser's holding on this
point).
7 AB PWA, supra note 2, s 14(1).
8 AB PWA, supra note 2, s 14(3).
9 AB PWA, supra note 2, s 14(2).
10 AB PWA, supra note 2, s 15(1) (deducted from the money
deposited by the contractor with the provincial government).
11 AB PWA, supra note 2, s 15(4).
12 Ibid. See e.g. Graham Construction and
Engineering Inc v Alberta (Minister of Infrastructure),
2019 ABQB 543 Graham Construction Settled Claims.
13 Graham Construction
2021, supra note 1
at paras 50, 66.
14 AB PWA, supra note 2, s 14.
15 See page 3 for the Ministry form for a
Notice of Claim.
16 Graham Construction
2021, supra note 1
at para 39.
17 Graham Construction
Settled Claims, supra note 12.
18 Graham Construction
2021, supra note 1
at para 19.
19 Graham Construction
2021, supra note 1
at paras 45, 48.
20 Graham Construction
2021, supra note 1
at paras 49-52, citing Alberta v Gall (First Steel
Fabricating Ltd.), 1983 CanLII 1032 (AB QB), 45 AR 384; Moonview Builders Ltd v Alberta
Housing Corporation, 1983 CanLII 1009 (AB QB), 24 Alta LR
(2d) 66.
21 See page 3 for the Ministry form for a
Notice of Claim.
22 Graham Construction
2021, supra note 1
at para 42.
23 Graham Construction
2021, supra note 1
at paras 46, 58.
24 Graham Construction
2021, supra note 1
at para 55.
25 The statutory exception to the
Crown being bound has been assumed to include provisions of the Act
"which deal in the stated senses with real estate":
Engineering & Plumbing Supplies Ltd v Seaboard Excavating
Ltd, 1988 CarswellBC 293 at para 11, 29 BCLR (2d) 309 (Co
Ct)); provincial government agencies are not bound by the Act: Fidelity Insurance Co. of
Canada v Cronkhite Supply Ltd, 1979 2 SCR 27, 13 BCLR 33.
Conversely, sections 5(8)(a) and 31(6) of the Act refer to the
provincial government as an "owner", which may bind the
province to the Act. See also British Columbia Law Institute Report
No. 89, "Report on the Builders Lien
Act" (July 2020).
26 ss 13(5), 23.
27 ss 2(1), 10 (breach of trust action), 26.
28 Not yet in force. Comes into
force on Proclamation.
29 Excluding public highways,
streets or bridges: ss 2, 5.
30 s 21.21 (per s 7 of 2019
amending Act).
31 The Interpretation
Act, SM 2000, c 26, s 49.
32 s 13(1).
33 ss 13(2), 13(5). See also The Arbitration Act,
SM 1997, c 4.
34 s 3(1).
35 ss 16-17, 21-22.
36 s 13.5(1)-(2).
37 An eligible "public
body" includes a provincial government department, school
board or health and social services institution: s 4.
38 s 19.
39 s 20.
40 Not yet in force. Comes into
force on Proclamation.
41 Excluding public highways or
roadwork or improvements: ss 3(1), (6).
42 s 4J (per s 2 of 2019 amending
Act); forthcoming Regulations (per s 3(b) of 2019 amending
Act).
43 s 2.
44 s 7(3); s 19(2)-(3) (Regulations).
45 s 19(1) (Regulations).
46 ss 1(d), (j);
Interpretation Act, RSPEI 1988, c I-8, s 20.
47 s 15(1).
48 s 53.
49 ss 2, 3(3), 14(9), 33.
50 Brook Construction (2007) Inc v
Blackwood Contractors Limited, 2015 NLCA 18 at paras
31-37, citing, inter alia, Interpretation Act,
RSNL 1990, c I-19, s 12.
51 Interpretation Act,
RSY 2002, c 125, s 13.
52 Interpretation Act,
SNWT 2017, c 19, s 8.
53 Interpretation Act,
RSNu 1988, c I-8, s 8.
The foregoing provides only an overview and does not constitute legal advice. Readers are cautioned against making any decisions based on this material alone. Rather, specific legal advice should be obtained.
© McMillan LLP 2021