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Switzerland: Patchworkfamilie

28 August 2012
Article by Rolf Schilling

Im Erbfall kann es zu unerwünschten Resultaten führen, wenn sich unter den Erben Kinder aus verschiedenen Ehen befinden. Dies kann zum Teil durch geeignete Dispositionen korrigiert werden.

Aus der breit genutzten Möglichkeit, eine gültig geschlossene Ehe scheiden zu lassen, ist ein soziales Phänomen erwachsen; die Patchworkfamilie. Partner finden neu zusammen und bringen ihre Kinder aus früheren Ehen oder Lebensgemeinschaften in die neue Beziehung ein. Anhand der beispielhaften Familie Meier wird hier dargelegt, wie ehe- und erbrechtliche Aspekte zusammenspielen und wo das Gesetz Dispositionsmöglichkeiten vorsieht, den Ehegatten und/oder die Kinder aus erster oder zweiter Ehe zu begünstigen.

Eine ausführliche Darstellung finden Sie auf unserer Webseite unter www.blumgrob.ch in der Rubrik Publikationen. Hier eine kurze Zusammenfassung unseres illustrativen Fallbeispiels:

Herr und Frau Meier sind zum zweiten Mal verheiratet und haben ein gemeinsames Kind Lisa. Für ihre Nachlassplanung ist dies von Bedeutung, weil das Ehegüter- als auch das Erbrecht die Möglichkeit der Ehegatten, Dispositionen für die Zeit nach ihrem Ableben zu treffen, beschränkt. Herr Meier bringt aus erster Ehe zwei Kinder mit.

Weil die Ehegatten Meier keinen Ehevertrag schlossen, gilt für sie der Güterstand der Errungenschaftsbeteiligung. Unerwartet verstirbt Herr Meier. Da er seinen Nachlass nicht geplant hat, gilt die gesetzliche Regelung, die im Folgenden dargestellt wird.

Gesetzliche Regelung

Der Tod von Herrn Meier beendigt die Ehe, weshalb in einem ersten Schritt die güterrechtliche Auseinandersetzung vorzunehmen ist: Frau Meier erhält die Hälfte der Er- rungenschaft. Zum Nachlass gehören demgemäss die andere Hälfte der Errungenschaft sowie das Eigengut, also das Vermögen, das Herr Meier in die Ehe einbrachte oder ihm während der Ehe unentgeltlich zufloss.

Mit dem Resultat der güterrechtlichen Auseinandersetzung ist Frau Meier aber noch nicht bedient. Es ist nun die Aufgabe des Erbrechts zu regeln, wer das Nachlassvermögen von Herrn Meier zu welchen Teilen erhalten soll. Die nächsten Erben von Herrn Meier sind seine Nachkommen. Die Kinder erben zu gleichen Teilen. Frau Meier als Witwe erhält die Hälfte des Nachlasses, den sie mit den Nachkommen von Herrn Meier zu teilen hat.

Dispositionsmöglichkeiten

Ohne Planung kann keine zusätzliche Begünstigung eines der Kinder und / oder des überlebenden Ehegatten erreicht werden. Was hätten die Ehegatten Meier zu Lebzeiten vorkehren können?

  • Vorab sollten die Ehegatten Meier die IST-Situation analysieren lassen und sich der Auswirkungen der bestehenden Regelungen bewusst werden. Insbesondere sind die Beiträge des einen Ehegatten in das Vermögen des anderen Ehegatten festzustellen. Nebst den Aktiven ist hier auch die Schuldenseite zu beleuchten.
  • Alsdann sollten sie gemeinsam festlegen, welche Ziele sie erreichen wollen, und die Frage stellen, wie die bestehenden Defizite SOLL / IST beseitigt werden könnten.
  • Das Ehegüterrecht ermöglicht es, auf die Höhe des mit anderen Erben zu teilenden gewisse Vermögenswerte der Errungenschaft in die Eigengutmasse zugewiesen werden. Weiter sieht das Ehegüterrecht eine Planungsmöglichkeit durch Veränderung des gesetzlichen Teilungsschlüssels des Vorschlages vor. Dabei sind jedoch die Pflichtteile der nichtgemeinsamen Kinder zwingend zu berücksichtigen. Die Pflichtteile der gemeinsamen Kinder dürfen hingegen verletzt werden.
  • Das Erbrecht lässt dem Erblasser die Freiheit, über den Nachlass letztwillig zu verfügen. Die Pflichtteile der pflichtteilsgeschützten Erben setzen der Dispositionsfreiheit wiederum Grenzen. Dabei werden die gemeinsamen und die nichtgemeinsamen Kinder grundsätzlich gleich behandelt. Der wesentliche Unterschied besteht darin, dass zu Lasten der gemeinsamen Kinder dem überlebenden Gatten die Nutzniessung an allen Nachlassgegenständen eingeräumt werden kann, womit Lisa bis zum Ableben des Ehegatten auf das nackte Eigentum an der Erbschaft beschränkt würde.

Wohneigentum

Regelungsbedarf besteht insbesondere bei Mieteigentum an einer gemeinsamen Liegenschaft, die von einem Ehegatten zu mehr als der Hälfte finanziert wurde. Ohne Schenkungsverträge muss unter Umständen der überlebende Ehegatte den erhaltenen Vorteil in den Nachlass zurückzahlen. Hier ist vorzusorgen.

The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.

Specific Questions relating to this article should be addressed directly to the author.

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