Bolivia: Arbitraje Internacional: La Clausula De Resolución De Controversias En Los Contratos Con Los Estados
Last Updated: 3 July 2012
Article by Teddy Mercado Carrión

Los contratos con los Estados, contienen clausulas de resolución de controversias, las cuales, determinarán el mecanismo elegido por las partes para dirimir cualquier controversia que derive del mismo. En la etapa de negociación, las partes ponen especial énfasis en las obligaciones sustanciales, en detrimento de la cláusula de resolución de controversias, la cual en la práctica, será aquella que defina quien juzgará el cumplimiento o incumplimiento de dichas obligaciones.

Como consecuencia de lo anterior, la cláusula es descuidada, y es muy común ver contratos en los cuales se copia una cláusula de un contrato anterior, o en el caso de los contratos Estatales, ésta es impuesta por el Estado, quien optará estratégicamente por un juez local o un arbitraje a domicilio. Una elección inapropiada o impuesta de una cláusula de esta naturaleza, podría romper el equilibrio económico del contrato y ocasionar incluso, que todas las cláusulas que han sido meticulosamente negociadas, no tengan ningún valor.

Lo primero que debe negociarse en la cláusula de resolución de controversias, es un "juez" imparcial. Generalmente, los contratos con los Estados, señalan a sus estrados judiciales como aquellos que deben conocer cualquier controversia inherente a los contratos que éste suscriba. Esta situación, representa una presión implícita para los jueces locales, que difícilmente emitirán un fallo en contra de su propio Estado. Se ha vuelto una práctica común, que los Estados alteren unilateralmente los contratos en merito a la promulgación de una ley nacional, y que los jueces locales llamados a conocer la controversia, se sienten obligados a fallar en razón a lo emanado por ley nacional y a la protección del orden público local. Como se puede evidenciar, una corte nacional no cumple con el requisito de imparcialidad, además, la burocratización que caracteriza a la justicia ordinaria, implicaría un proceso largo, tedioso y posiblemente en una lengua ajena a una de las partes. En la actualidad, el arbitraje se ha posicionado como el mecanismo predilecto para la resolución de controversias internacionales al ofrecer los beneficios de neutralidad, confidencialidad, celeridad y flexibilidad, largamente pregonados, por lo tanto, la inclusión de éste método debería ser la primera opción para garantizar un juzgamiento imparcial.

Una vez que se ha logrado introducir al arbitraje, se debe poner especial énfasis en la redacción y contenido de la clausula arbitral. En la práctica, es muy común ver clausulas arbitrales patológicas, debido a la complejidad de su redacción o por un desconocimiento flagrante de la materia de quien las redacta. Inicialmente, se debe elegir entre un arbitraje administrado por una institución arbitral (CCI, AAA, LCIA) o un arbitraje Ad - Hoc en el que las partes y los árbitros impulsarán y administrarán el procedimiento. La práctica ha demostrado, que el arbitraje institucional resulta ser la opción más eficiente, ya que las instituciones reconocidas, poseen reglamentos que han sido desarrollados y perfeccionados como consecuencia de la experiencia acumulada en la administración de miles de casos que han sido exitosamente resueltos, en contraposición, la administración del arbitraje Ad - Hoc que recae sobre las partes y los árbitros, puede dar lugar a situaciones imprevistas, que podrían derivar en el retraso ostensible del procedimiento y ocasionar incluso la intervención innecesaria de las cortes, judicializando el mismo.

En ambos casos, la clausula arbitral debería contener como elementos esenciales: a) la designación del arbitraje como método único, exclusivo y vinculante de resolución de controversias, b) la determinación del ámbito de aplicación de la clausula a todas las controversias que deriven o que guarden relación con el contrato (una delimitación en razón de la materia puede resultar contraproducente), c) la referencia al reglamento y a la institución que administrará la controversia (no aplicable para el arbitraje Ad - Hoc), d) el numero de árbitros (generalmente 1 o 3 en función del monto y la complejidad del caso), e) el mecanismo de designación de los árbitros (solo aplicable al arbitraje Ad - Hoc), f) el idioma aplicable al procedimiento y d) la sede del arbitraje.

De los elementos antes descritos, se debe dar especial importancia a la elección de la sede arbitral. La misma, se refiere al lugar físico donde desarrollarán de manera concreta las actuaciones materiales del procedimiento arbitral, en este entendido, la elección de la sede determinará la ley aplicable al procedimiento arbitral, vale decir, la lex arbitri. Como consecuencia de esta elección, todas las normas jurídicas de la sede elegida, se aplicarán transversal y automáticamente al procedimiento arbitral. En este contexto, es indispensable decantarse por una jurisdicción cuyas normas procesales, ley de arbitraje y tradición jurídica, sean favorables al arbitraje. En general, los Estados cuyas leyes de arbitraje estén basadas en la ley tipo de la CNUDMI (Comisión de las Naciones Unidas para el desarrollo del derecho mercantil internacional) y que hayan ratificado la Convención de Nueva York, denotan en inicio un perfil favorable pero no absoluto, ya que adicionalmente, se deberá poner énfasis en que la sede elegida, tenga una tradición jurídica y un desarrollo normativo que haya demostrado históricamente ser favorable al arbitraje.

La necesidad de una sede que sea amigable arbitraje, radica en el hecho que durante el procedimiento arbitral, los tribunales locales tendrán un grado importante de participación, en este entendido, si la sede es hostil al arbitraje o los tribunales no tienen experiencia en el procedimiento, el mismo podría ser obstaculizado e incluso judicializarse. Además de lo anterior, la sede del arbitraje determinará la competencia de los tribunales locales para conocer el recurso de anulación del laudo arbitral, y en consecuencia, dicha impugnación será resuelta según la ley y la práctica judicial de la sede que sea elegida. Cuando un Estado es la contraparte, resulta por lo tanto imperativo, que la sede este situada fuera de su territorio, con el fin de evitar un recurso de anulación ante las cortes locales y preservar la neutralidad del procedimiento.

Finalmente, se debe tener cuidado en la inclusión de un periodo previo de negociaciones amigables dentro de la clausula arbitral. Éste llamado "cooling off period", que en esencia, busca que las partes puedan llegar a un entendimiento antes de acudir a la vía contenciosa, es utilizado repetidamente por la contraparte para evitar ser llevado al arbitraje. No obstante la utilización recurrente en la práctica de este mecanismo, se debe considerar que si las partes quieren llegar a un entendimiento amigable, lo harán más allá de la existencia o no de esta obligación.

Para concluir, se debe evitar que la cláusula arbitral delimité su competencia en razón a la naturaleza del litigio, ya que como se mencionó anteriormente, está delimitación es un mecanismo usual de defensa para cuestionar la competencia de los tribunales arbitrales y acudir en consecuencia al recurso de anulación.   

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