A 2008 rule change from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS)—which effectively prohibited referring physician-owned companies from furnishing hospital services "under arrangements"—has withstood a challenge by a urology trade association. On June 12, 2015, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) held in Council for Urological Interests v. Burwell that the 2008 rule change, which redefined an "entity furnishing designated health services" to include entities that perform the services, not just bill for them, constituted a reasonable construction of the Stark Law and was entitled to deference. The appellate court, however, held that CMS' prohibition on "per-click" equipment rental arrangements lacked a rational basis in light of the agency's "tortured reading" of a relevant conference report, which, the court noted, was "the stuff of caprice." Accordingly, the court struck down CMS' 2008 prohibition on per-click equipment rental arrangements involving referring physician-owned equipment leasing companies.
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