A recent interim judgment presents a useful case study for Intellectual Property lawyers in NZ from a commercialisation and litigation perspective.
Case Study - The award of damages in IP1 cases in New Zealand
Commentary on Stewart v Franmara Inc [2012] NZHC 548
A recent interim judgment by Toogood J in the Auckland High Court presents a useful2 case study for Intellectual Property3 lawyers in New Zealand, from a commercialisation4 and litigation perspective.
It also provides an example of what inventors should do when looking for investors and demonstrates some of the limits of New Zealand law in cases of blatant breach of intellectual property rights.
The plaintiff was the inventor5 of a Champagne bottle opener able to remove the cork together with the wire restraint and the foil wrapping in one movement.
The basic facts are common; the inventor signed a confidentiality agreement with potential investors before entering into discussions that eventually failed.
The defendant then went ahead on its own and distributed openers based on the plaintiff's design that it had made in China.
In the mean time the plaintiff was granted a patent6 in New Zealand and in the United States.
The plaintiff claimed:
- breach of the confidentiality agreement;
- infringement7 of his New Zealand patent;
- infringement of his US Patent; and
- breach of section 17200 of the Business and Professions Code of California on unfair competition.
Whilst Toogood J reserved his judgment on the court's entitlement to adjudicate (c) and (d), he found there was breach of the confidentiality agreement and of the New Zealand Patent.
This was a relatively straightforward case. The defendant was duly served but took no steps to defend the claims8. The facts were thus not disputed and the judge was satisfied that the invention9 was covered by the confidentiality agreement. The defendant was found to have:
- failed to receive and maintain the confidential information in confidence;
- used it to develop, manufacture and market its own competing product;
- used it in its own business;
- disclosed it to third-party; and
- copied and/or reproduced it, and/or recorded it on its website.
The plaintiff was awarded damages for loss of:
- revenue or other income from sales achieved by the defendant; and
- potential revenue or other income from sales which he had not been able to achieve in markets in which the defendant was selling its bottle opener.
The judge was also satisfied that the New Zealand Patent had been infringed, and found that marketing the product in New Zealand via the Internet constituted a use of the plaintiff's invention in New Zealand.
This entitled the plaintiff to damages of US$133,000 per annum plus interest in light of the circumstances giving rise to the claim. In total the damages awarded were about US$1,000,000, along with costs (amounting to about $30,000).
The case was clear; there was a well drafted confidentiality agreement protecting the inventor, the defendant did not defend the claims, the facts were not disputed and the breach of the agreement and the patent were blatant.
Compensation was calculated by reference to a "reasonable royalty", which was what a person desiring to manufacture and sell a patented article as a business proposition would be willing to pay as a royalty and yet be able to make and sell the patented article in the market at a reasonable profit.
Generally, damages are calculated so as to put the plaintiff in the position he would have occupied had the defendant's wrong not been committed.
Here that meant to put the parties in the position they would have been in had they agreed to commercialise the plaintiff's invention. Interest was included and thus brought the total order for damages to an amount marginally higher than the loss of revenue.
Although an account of profit is a legitimate alternative here, damages should give an option to "go further"; by claiming interest and some measure for the blatant and intentional wrong. The interest was effectively the only element which could be said to "punish" the infringer (even though not intended or designed to so punish).
So in one view, the loss has been compensated but there is little or no deterrent to such behaviour.
Should exemplary damages be more commonly awarded in cases of wilful infringement? Such damages are currently very rare and difficult to obtain, and there is a strong argument for making the order of exemplary damages more readily available in such situations. Many infringers rely on the costs of legal action to decrease the risk of being "caught" and pursued. One cannot help but wonder if a punitive element (such as the "treble damages" available in the United States for wilful infringement) would be a useful incentive for plaintiffs to seek redress as well as a deterrent to infringers in New Zealand also. Cost awards in New Zealand typically only cover a small portion of the actual cost involved in pursuing litigation. Plaintiffs will often be out of pocket unless a high amount of damages is awarded. Greater access to exemplary damages would make litigation more realistic for many would be plaintiffs.
New Zealand case law seems to devalue the regulatory role that the law can play in deterring illegal commercial behaviour. This is a typical case of business-to-society and business-to-business costs externalising. Thousands of dollars in taxpayers' money and legal costs were spent to correct a wrong. The wrongdoer has yet to pay compensation for that, or at least part of it. The author suggests easier access to exemplary or "additional" damages should be considered in New Zealand.
Footnotes
1Refers to the ownership of an intangible
thing - the innovative idea behind a new technology, product,
process, design or plant variety, and other intangibles such as
trade secrets, goodwill and reputation, and trade marks. Although
intangible, the law recognises intellectual property as a form of
property which can be sold, licensed, damaged or
trespassed upon. Intellectual property encompasses
patents, designs, trade marks and copyright.
2The document that accompanies a patent
application. It defines the scope of the invention in
the claims and provides a detailed description of the
nature, use and purpose of the invention. A specification
may be provisional or complete and there are
different rules applying to each.
3Refers to the ownership of an intangible thing - the
innovative idea behind a new technology, product, process, design
or plant variety, and other intangibles such as trade secrets,
goodwill and reputation, and trade marks. Although intangible, the
law recognises intellectual property as a form of property which
can be sold, licensed, damaged or trespassed upon.
Intellectual property encompasses patents, designs, trade
marks and copyright.
4Refers to the process of introducing a new product or
service to the marketplace (whether in New Zealand or overseas).
For the purposes of a patent application commercial
working can include taking orders for a product or service (even if
in confidence). It is important to understand that commercial
working of an invention before a patent application is
filed may invalidate that patent application (see validity
below).
5The developer of an invention. In the field
of intellectual property the word "inventor" is a legal
term to describe the person (or group of people) who made the
inventive step to arrive at the invention. It is
important to understand that this will not necessarily be the
person who developed the invention to proof of concept or
prototype stage. If the concept itself is inventive then the
inventor will be the person who conceived the concept. Ascertaining
the correct inventor(s) is important as he or she will need to be
named in any patent application and there could be adverse
consequences for omitting an inventor or adding someone who is not
a true inventor.
6A proprietary right in an invention which
provides the owner with an exclusive right for up to 20
years to make, sell, use or import the invention. In exchange for
this monopoly the patent is published so
that others can see how the invention works and build on that
knowledge. The patented invention may also be used by the public
once the patent lapses.
7Refers to the commission of a prohibited act with
respect to a patented invention without permission from
the patentee. In New Zealand, the Deed of Letters
Patent confers on the patentee a monopoly to make,
use, vend or exercise the invention in New Zealand.
Performing any of these acts without the permission of the
patentee will amount to an infringement if the
patent is current and in force. Permission will typically
be granted in the form of a license. Remedies for infringement can
include an injunction to restrain further infringement, payment of
damages suffered by the patentee as a consequence of the
infringement or payment by the infringer of any profit he/she/it
made by virtue of the infringement, and legal costs.
8Numbered paragraphs at the end of a patent
complete specification which define the scope of the
invention protected by the patent. The purpose of
the claims is to define clearly and with precision the
monopoly for which protection is sought so that others
know the exact boundaries of protection.
9The product of the creative process of inventing. In
intellectual property law "invention" is a legal
term usually describing patentable subject matter. Under
current New Zealand legislation that subject matter includes any
manner of manufacture which is new and involves an inventive
step. However, certain types of invention are excluded from
patentability. They include inventions which are contrary
to morality (for example weapons of mass destruction) and methods
of medical treatment (on public policy grounds that such methods
should be available for health practitioners to use to the benefit
of all society).
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.
James & Wells Intellectual Property, three time winner of the New Zealand Intellectual Property Laws Award and first IP firm in the world to achieve CEMARS® certification.