The Lasting Powers of Attorney and Capacity Act 2018 came into operation on Monday 23rd April 2018, making provision for lasting powers of attorneys, advance decisions, as well as safeguards once mental capacity has been lost. It will allow individuals a greater level of decision-making power when it comes to their mental capacity and planning ahead.
Lasting Powers of Attorney (LPAs)
The Act will enable anyone over 18 years of age, whilst they
still have mental capacity, to appoint a trusted person to make
decisions on their behalf at a time in the future when they may no
longer have capacity. It is described as ‘lasting’
because it remains valid and is intended to be used, when the
person loses mental capacity. This gives individuals more control
over what happens if they were to have an accident or develop an
illness, which may make it impossible for them to make or
communicate their own decisions in future. There is a central
registry where all LPAs shall be registered before they are valid
and can be used.
The LPAs allow the person they appoint to manage their health and
welfare matters, their property and financial matters, or both.
They can cater for day-to-day decisions such as what to wear or
eat, to decisions about how money and property should be
administered, without any need for court involvement.
Advance Decisions
Advance decisions, which are sometimes called ‘living wills’, allow a person to express their preference to refuse specific medical treatment if, at the time in the future when that treatment is to be given, the person has lost capacity to consent to it. For example, someone with strict religious beliefs who does not want a blood transfusion can make this clear in advance, so that if they require one at a point in time when they have become unable to consent the treatment, their wishes can be followed.
Permitted acts
The Act gives statutory guidance as to how to administer and care for those who no longer have capacity. It gives greater certainty to those dealing with individuals who have lost mental capacity, as to what can and cannot be done in relation to their care and treatment.
Restriction on liberty safeguards
Sometimes, those with mental health conditions including autistic spectrum conditions, learning disabilities, dementia, personality disorders and old age require care that means they are not free to come and go as they like in their accommodation. The Act introduces safeguards for such individuals, so that their liberty is only restricted for the time it needs to be and is reviewed at regular intervals, for their safety. Adult health and social care services are encouraged to use restrictive interventions only as a last resort and for the shortest possible time.
In the case of adults who live at home, but may be more comfortable in a care home, or are currently in a care home but may need moving to a different one, it provides a procedure to ensure such persons are adequately cared for and their needs reviewed at specified intervals.
Independent Capacity Advocates
The Act also introduces independent capacity advocates, who support people who cannot make or understand decisions themselves, by stating their views and preferences. They are in no way connected to the patient and their role is to ensure that the person’s wishes can be respected and followed.
The philosophy behind the legislation supports personal autonomy and a person’s decisions and best interests.
Drafting of the legislation – ISOLAS LLP
Sarah Miles, a Senior Associate with ISOLAS LLP, has assisted the Government of Gibraltar in the drafting of the legislation.
WHAT IS A LASTING POWER OF ATTORNEY, OR LPA?
An LPA is a written document, introduced by the Lasting Powers of Attorney and Capacity Act 2018, which allows you to appoint someone to make decisions on your behalf if or when you are no longer able to make them yourself.
By setting up an LPA, trusted individuals, known as donees, are granted the legal authority to look after your affairs. The donee can be a family member or loved one, who will be given the legal right and obligation to act in your best interests under the LPA. It is called ‘lasting’ because the power given in the LPA continues even once you lose capacity.
Capacity is the mental ability to make decisions about a particular matter, at a particular time.
People may lack capacity to make a decision for many reasons. It may be because of, for example, a stroke, a learning disability, mental illness, dementia, brain damage, physical or medical conditions that cause confusion, concussion following a head injury or the symptoms of alcohol or drug use.
The key is to make LPA arrangements early on. It is easy to think that this does not need to be thought about yet, or for many years to come, but no one knows what the future holds.
Crucially, an LPA can only be set up by a person with capacity.
If capacity is lost suddenly and unexpectedly, it is too late to
put an LPA in place.
WHO CAN SET UP AN LPA?
Anyone over the age of 18 can make an LPA. A person making an LPA is called a donor. It is important that the LPA is made whilst you are still capable of making decisions about who to appoint and what powers are to be granted to your donee or donees.
A donee should be a person you trust to make decisions on your behalf, in accordance with the restrictions you may choose to set out in your LPA. You may appoint one or more donees to act on your behalf under an LPA.
DOES EVERYONE NEED AN LPA?
If you become unable to make decisions about your own affairs, someone else is going to need to do this for you. Many people do not realise that in such circumstances, there is no automatic legal authority for a family member to manage your affairs for you.
An LPA is a written record, to ensure your wishes are clearly set out and recorded in advance. It offers your donee guidance on how you want decisions to be made, as well as setting restrictions on what the donee can and cannot do on your behalf.
There are two types of LPA:
1. Property and Financial LPA; and
2. Health and Welfare LPA.
The LPA is not valid until registered with the Supreme Court Registry, the body responsible for registering LPAs and maintaining the register of LPAs.
1. PROPERTY AND FINANCIAL LPA
This type of LPA will give your chosen donee the power to make decisions about any or all of your property and financial affairs. The donee must act in your best interests. Once registered, it can be used both whilst you have capacity (should the LPA state that it should) and once you no longer have capacity.
The LPA can give the donee named in the LPA authority to do any of the following:
• Manage bank accounts (including paying any bills that need paying for your care);
• Buy property;
• Sell property / your home; or
• Collect pension payments on your behalf.
HOW A DONEE SHOULD MANAGE YOUR FINANCES
The donee has a duty to handle your finances in your best interests and be able to show that this is the case. It is a serious role. The donee of an LPA has a binding duty to have regard to the Code of Practice issued under the Lasting Powers of Attorney and Capacity Act 2018. A donee can face up to ten years in prison should they wilfully neglect or abuse their position.
• The donee must keep your finances completely separate from their own, unless you have a joint bank account or own a home together (for example, if your partner is your donee).
• A donee is entitled to buy or sell property on your behalf if it is in your best interests. For example, it may be that a sale is required to free up money to pay for your care.
• The donee must keep accounts of your assets, income, spending and outgoings. The Court of Protection can ask to check these if there is any suspicion of abuse.
The donee is entitled to buy gifts or give gifts of money on your behalf, including making donations to charities, but only to people to whom you would normally gifts and only on suitable occasions such as birthdays and weddings, or to charities to which you normally make donations. The gifts must also be reasonable, taking account of your assets.
WELFARE LPA
This allows you to choose someone to make decisions about your health and personal welfare.
An appointed donee can only make decisions on your behalf once the LPA is registered with the Supreme Court Registry and (importantly) only once you can no longer make those decisions yourself i.e., once you have lost capacity.
WISHES FOR HEALTH AND CARE
A Health and Welfare LPA gives you the opportunity to ensure you will be cared for in the way that you wish, even if you are not able to state your preferences at the time.
Having a Health and Welfare LPA in place will ensure that the donee of your LPA will be able to make potentially difficult decisions about your lifestyle and care if, for some reason, you are no longer able to.
“Make your wishes known now.”
A Health and Welfare LPA enables your donee to make decisions on your behalf about:
• your daily routine: activities such as washing (whether you prefer baths or showers), dressing (what you prefer to wear) and eating (likes and dislikes);
• your healthcare: the kind of treatments you are happy to receive; and
• your living arrangements: whether you will live in your own home or move into a care home.
A Health and Welfare LPA is different to a Property and Financial LPA. Each type of LPA is different and needs to be completed and registered separately.
Someone called a ‘certificate provider’, who has known you for at least two years before making the LPA, or a suitably qualified person such as a doctor, lawyer or independent capacity advocate, will need to confirm that you fully understand the LPA before you sign it.
HOW TO PUT AN LPA IN PLACE
It is advisable to instruct a lawyer who is familiar with the Lasting Powers of Attorney and Capacity Act 2018. ISOLAS LLP, as the lawyers who have assisted the Government of Gibraltar in the drafting of the legislation, are able to assist you in drafting an LPA in the prescribed format. The LPA is only effective and can only be used once it has been registered. We can take care of registering your LPA for you too.
HOW TO REGISTER AN LPA
The LPA must be sent to the Supreme Court Registry to be registered.
Remember, there are two types of LPA. If you want both a Property and Financial LPA and a Health and Welfare LPA you will need to set up and register them individually even if you are using the same donee or donees for both.
If there are no mistakes in the LPA submitted for registration, the Registry will return the LPA with a certificate ‘confirming its registration’. You can then use this to prove you have a valid LPA and the donee has the authority to act on your behalf.
MANAGING WITH NO LPA
If you lose your mental capacity with no LPA in place, family or friends need to apply to become a ‘deputy’ in order to make decisions on your behalf. This application is made to the Court of Protection and as with LPAs there are two types of deputy:
• A deputy for property and affairs, taking charge, for example, of paying bills; and
• A deputy for personal welfare, making decisions about medical treatment and how someone is looked after.
Applying for deputy status can be a long and costly process, which can be avoided by advance planning and putting an LPA in place before capacity is lost.
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER
• An LPA must be made whilst you are still capable of making decisions;
• You may, at any time when you have capacity, change or revoke the LPA; and
• As a safeguard, a Health and Welfare LPA can only be used when you no longer have the capacity to make decisions.
• The LPA code of practice gives detailed guidance on the use and role of LPAs.
OTHER WAYS TO PLAN YOUR FUTURE HEALTH AND WELFARE
There are ways in which you can state your preferences to your loved ones, in order to help them make health and welfare decisions on your behalf in future, such as:
• you can write a statement of your preferences and wishes – this is not legally binding, but would ensure that your views are taken into account as part of any best interests decision making by your relatives or loved ones.
• if you receive health or social care services, you can create a care plan – a written document stating the types and frequency of those services.
• you can make an Advance Decision to refuse treatment – this is a legally binding written or oral statement that allows you to specify particular kinds of treatment that you do not want (in case you lack capacity to make this decision for yourself in future).
ADVANCE DECISIONS
You can be specific about treatment you do not want to receive in future, if you were to lack capacity to make that refusal. You can also refuse treatment that may keep you alive, such as life support, if this is your wish.
As with an LPA, the advance decision to refuse specified medical treatment in future must be made whilst you still have capacity.
Provided the provisions contained in the advance decision apply to the particular circumstances encountered by the persons supplying treatment, it will be as if you had capacity to refuse the treatment at the relevant time, and medical staff will not be liable for complying with your advance decision to refuse treatment.
The advance decision can be changed or revoked at any time when you still have capacity to do so. There is no need to register an advance decision.
It may be that your LPA refers to an advance decision. The advance decision and LPA should never contradict one another in any way. If they do, an application may need to be made to the Court of Protection for guidance on how to make decisions and about whether or not a particular treatment should be given.
HAVE YOU WRITTEN A WILL?
• It is a good idea to have a valid Will in place, setting out how you want your possessions to be distributed following your death, as well as covering issues such as the care of dependants.
• A Will is separate to an LPA and serves a different purpose.
• The LPA covers the time whilst you are alive, but without adequate capacity. A Will covers the distribution of assets once you pass away.
• A donee cannot prepare a Will on your behalf under an LPA, so it is a good idea not to leave it too late.
• Without a valid Will, the distribution of your assets will be according to the rules of intestacy - not according to your wishes.
GLOSSARY
Advance decision
Information set down with a person’s medical records informing healthcare professionals of the kind of treatment they do not want should they become ill.
Best interests
Anything done for people without capacity must be in their best interests (there is no legal definition of best interests but the criteria to be used is set out in the Mental Health Act 2016). Best interests means thinking about what is best for the person, not about what anyone else wants.
Capacity
The mental ability to make decisions about a particular matter at a particular time. The legal definition of capacity can be found in the Mental Health Act 2016.
Certificate provider
The person the donor chooses to complete a certificate in the LPA. The certificate provider must confirm that the donor understands the LPA and is not under any pressure to make the LPA. Section 10(2) and (3) of the Lasting Powers of Attorney and Capacity Act 2018 set out who can and cannot be a certificate provider of an LPA.
Code of Practice
Guidance issued under the Lasting Powers of Attorney and Capacity Act 2018.
Court of Protection
The Court which makes decisions and rulings in relation to those who lack capacity.
Deputy
A person appointed by the Court of Protection to make decisions for someone who has lost capacity and for whom no LPA is in place.
Donee
Someone who has the legal right to make choices and decisions on behalf of the donor, within the scope of the authority granted by the LPA. The donor chooses who their donee will be. Donees are also sometimes called attorneys.
Donor
The person making an LPA, who appoints a donee to make decisions on his/her behalf.
Independent capacity advocate
Individuals who help those who lack capacity to make decisions about their health and social care, when the person without capacity has no family members or others to assist them. Their role is to be independent from the patient and to ensure that the person’s wishes are respected and followed.
Lasting Power of Attorney
A legal document which appoints a donee in the event that you lose the capacity to make your own decisions. There are two types: Health and Welfare LPAs and Property and Financial LPAs.
Lasting Powers of Attorney and Capacity Act 2018
An Act of Parliament about how to support and protect people who cannot make their own decisions. The Act makes it clear who can take decisions, in which situations, and how they should go about this. It lets people plan ahead for a time when they may lack capacity to make their own decisions about some things.
Mental Health Act 2016
An Act of Parliament to provide for the care and treatment of mentally disordered persons.
Property
The things you own (e.g., a house, car, bank accounts).
Supreme Court Registry
The administrative office of the Gibraltar courts, with address at 277 Main Street, Gibraltar.
In summary, there are some things in life that are out of our control, like losing the ability to manage our affairs through a loss of mental capacity.
Equally, there are some things in life that we can control, and that’s putting someone you trust in charge of taking care of things for you when you no longer can.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.
